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Schizoprina > Treatments > Flashcards

Treatments Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of random allocation in clinical trials?

A

To reduce biases and ensure that participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment or placebo group

Random allocation helps to create comparable groups and minimizes the impact of confounding variables.

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2
Q

What is a double-blind random control trial (RCT)?

A

A study design where neither the participants nor the clinicians know who receives the treatment or a placebo

This design helps eliminate bias and ensures objective assessment of treatment effectiveness.

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3
Q

What are the ethical concerns surrounding biological treatments for psychological conditions?

A

Concerns include the use of psychoactive drugs as ‘chemical straitjackets’ and ECT as an assault on vulnerable individuals

Ethical considerations involve assessing beneficence, maleficence, autonomy, and justice.

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4
Q

What are typical antipsychotics?

A

First-generation antipsychotic medications developed in the 1950s that block dopamine receptors without activating them

Examples include chlorpromazine and haloperidol.

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5
Q

How do typical antipsychotics function?

A

By blocking dopamine receptors, preventing dopamine from binding and reducing signaling in dopamine-communicating synapses

This action helps reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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6
Q

What are atypical antipsychotics?

A

Second-generation antipsychotic medications that block both dopamine and serotonin receptors

Examples include clozapine and risperidone.

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7
Q

What is the role of serotonin in the action of atypical antipsychotics?

A

Serotonin is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that decreases the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing

This regulation affects arousal, alertness, and mood.

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8
Q

What is the Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP)?

A

A protocol designed to assist doctors in prescribing antipsychotics

TMAP recommends starting with atypical drugs and moving to typical drugs or clozapine if necessary.

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9
Q

What is the first step suggested by TMAP for prescribing antipsychotics?

A

To use an atypical drug, such as risperidone

If ineffective, the protocol suggests trying a typical drug like haloperidol or another atypical.

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10
Q

What happens if a patient does not respond to initial antipsychotic treatments according to TMAP?

A

The protocol may include combining antipsychotics with other medications, such as mood stabilizers

Lithium is an example of a mood stabilizer used in combination therapy.

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11
Q

What is a key characteristic of biochemical treatments for schizophrenia?

A

They include the use of antipsychotic medications that require regular monitoring for symptoms and side effects

Adjustments in dosages may be necessary based on individual responses.

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12
Q

True or False: Atypical antipsychotics only block dopamine receptors.

A

False

Atypical antipsychotics block both dopamine and serotonin receptors.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The first typical antipsychotic drug was called _______.

A

chlorpromazine

Chlorpromazine was the first drug developed in this category.

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14
Q

What is a significant challenge in prescribing antipsychotic medications?

A

Finding the right combination of medications due to the wide range of symptoms in schizophrenia

Each patient may respond differently, requiring tailored treatment plans.

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15
Q

What is the definition of beneficence in the context of ECT?

A

The ethical principle of doing good or providing benefit to the patient

This principle is evaluated alongside maleficence, which concerns avoiding harm.

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16
Q

What type of trials support the use of biochemical treatments?

A

Randomised control trials

These trials provide experimental evidence for the efficacy of drug treatments.

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17
Q

How many antipsychotics were examined in the meta-analysis by Zhao et al. (2016)?

A

18 different antipsychotics

The meta-analysis included data from over 10,000 people.

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18
Q

What percentage of people experience relapse without a maintenance dose of medication?

A

60-80 percent

This statistic highlights the importance of continuous medication for preventing symptom return.

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19
Q

What are common side effects of antipsychotic medications?

A
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness
  • Restlessness
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
  • Excessive weight gain

These side effects can lead to non-compliance with medication.

20
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A

A side effect of typical antipsychotics characterized by uncontrollable blinking, jerking, and twitching of the face and body.

It is a serious and often irreversible condition.

21
Q

What is agranulocytosis and which antipsychotic is associated with it?

A

A potentially fatal blood condition associated with clozapine

The risk of agranulocytosis is minimized through regular blood counts.

22
Q

What is the nomothetic approach in psychological research?

A

An approach that allows generalizations to be made from large-scale studies.

This is exemplified by the studies conducted by Zhao et al. (2016).

23
Q

What is the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)?

A

A common tool used to measure relapse in schizophrenia with high validity.

It incorporates self-reported data and observations from clinicians and caregivers.

24
Q

What does ECT stand for?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy

ECT is used to treat conditions like schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.

25
Q

What is the typical voltage range used in ECT?

A

70-150 volts

These electrical pulses induce a controlled seizure for therapeutic purposes.

26
Q

How long do ECT sessions typically last?

A

Up to one second

The induced seizure lasts for up to one minute.

27
Q

True or False: ECT can be used as a standalone treatment for schizophrenia.

A

False

ECT is used in addition to medication for treatment-resistant cases.

28
Q

What is the purpose of maintenance doses in ECT?

A

To sustain treatment effects after initial sessions

Maintenance doses may be administered monthly or fortnightly depending on progress.

29
Q

Fill in the blank: Drug treatments can be an effective alternative to _______.

A

hospitalisation

This was especially true prior to the development of antipsychotic medications.

30
Q

What percentage of people do not respond to drug treatments for schizophrenia?

A

30-70 percent

Efficacy decreases the longer treatment is delayed.

31
Q

What factors may be overlooked in nomothetic research that could affect treatment effectiveness?

A
  • Perceived social support
  • Nature of the therapeutic alliance

An idiographic approach may capture these important details.

32
Q

What is modified ECT?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy administered under general anaesthetic using muscle relaxants

33
Q

In which country is ECT banned?

A

Slovenia

34
Q

What percentage of people with schizophrenia in China receive ECT?

A

More than 50 percent

35
Q

What neurotransmitters are believed to be released by ECT?

A
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
36
Q

What area of the brain is associated with gene expression and neuron connectivity during ECT?

A

Hippocampus

37
Q

What was the sample size in the study by Petrides et al. (2015) on ECT?

A

39

38
Q

What significant improvement was observed in the ECT group in the study by Petrides et al. (2015)?

A

Reduction in symptoms of 40 percent or more

39
Q

In single-blind studies, who was unaware of the treatment group?

A

Clinicians assessing the participants’ symptoms

40
Q

What did Melzer-Ribeiro et al. (2017) find regarding the efficacy of ECT?

A

No significant difference in improvement between placebo ECT and real ECT

41
Q

What did the meta-analysis by Wang et al. (2018a) conclude about ECT in China?

A

ECT is highly effective and relatively safe

42
Q

What cultural factor may affect perceptions of ECT in China?

A

High power-distance culture

43
Q

What is a key ethical consideration regarding ECT administration?

A

Consent of the patient

44
Q

What is the role of independent consultant psychiatrists in England regarding ECT?

A

To advise and protect individual patient’s rights

45
Q

True or False: ECT is always administered with consent.

A

False

46
Q

Fill in the blank: ECT may provide a lifeline for some of the most unwell people in society, who may be at risk of _______.

A

suicide

Schizoprina (7 decks)

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