treatment of psychological disorders Flashcards
Describe “Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)”?
Developed by Steven Hayes. A Third Wave Cognitive Therapy. Clients are committed to examining their life, and setting life goals in accordance with their values and true self. The acceptance part is using mindfulness to accept any type of thought or emotion, but not to become anxious over it.
What is “Aversion Therapy”?
A type of behaviour therapy. Aims to reduce or banish unwanted bahaviours such as alcohol consumption or sexual desire for children. Conditioned stimulus eg pictures of children (attractive to client) is paired with noxious stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) to develop a conditioned anxiety response which then should lead to decreased sexual desire when see children, eg.. Variable results. Possibly best paired also with learning coping skills to avoid relapses.
What is “Behavioural Activation”?
A behaviour therapy. Developed from Lewinsohn.Especially for depression. Increases positively reinforcing behaviours. Identify activities from past which provided pleasure, and re-introduce them or something similar. Purely works on the positive behaviours as opposed to cognition. eg May increase hobbies, socialisation, physical activities, sex, etc, which have likely decreased since the advance of depression.
What is “Behaviour Modification”?
A type of behavioural therapy, which uses operant conditioning to increase or decrease a specific behaviour. Focuses on externally observable behaviours. Used most successfully eg, with hospitalised schizophrenics, indiviudals with severe intectually disability or very disturbed children. May be achieved via methods of Positive Reinforcement or Therapeutic Application of Punishment.
What are “Common Factors”?
Similarities shared by vastly different therapies, which have similar success rates, and so therefore believed these may be reason for success.They are;
- clients’ faith in therapist
- Client given plausible explanation for problem and an alternative outlook.
- a steeing which is safe and supportive, where clients can express deepest feelings.
- Opportunity for clients to develop new behaviours.
- achievement of increased client optimism and self-efficacy.
What is “Competency-Focussed Prevention”?
A form of mental health prevention. Aims to increase an individual’s personal resources and coping skills and enhancing self esteem.
What is “Counterconditioning”?
Used in desensitisation programs. A new response (such as relaxation) is conditioned to the conditioned stimulus. Previously, something such as anxiety would have been evoked, but the new response is incompatible with anxiety.
What is “Cultural Congruence”?
When treatment is aligned with cultural beliefs. Without this, treatment is unlikely to be successful.
How would you describe a “Culturally Competent Therapist?”
Can balance understanding of their client’s individuality and their culture. Able to draw on culture specifics such as prayer or ritual and incorporate into therapy.
What is the “Deinstitutionalisation Movement”?
Began in 1955 and peaked in 1980’s. Focussed on shifting patients from psychiatric permanent-care hospitals, to be amongst the community. Due to hospital inadequacies and advances in drug therapies. Emphasised helping patients early.
What is “Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)”?
Developed to primarily treat Borderline Personality Disorder. Developed by Marsha Linehan.Goals are to reduce self harm behaviours and suicide attempts, as well as clients improve interpersonal relationships and better regulate emotions. Uses a combination of techniques, combining cognitive, behavioural, humanistic and psychodynamic approaches.
What is the “Dodo Bird Verdict”?
From Älice in Wonderland”quote saying ëveryone has won, and all must have prizes”. The argument that differing therapeutic approaches may have similar efficiencies. Counter argument is that of differential effectiveness, where it is maintained that different therapies have differing efficiencies for differing problems.
What is”effect size “?
The percentage of clients with a favourable effect to therapy as compared to control.
Define empathy.
The ability of the therapist to to view things from the client’s perspective.
What are Ëmpirically Supported Treatments”? (EST’s)
Specific treatments for specific disorders which have demonstrated effectiveness in numerous independent studies.
What is Exposure?
used to treat phobias etc. To experience the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. eg in fear of dog attack, be exposed to dog but without at attack occurring.
What is “Feminist Therapy”?
Therapy with a focus on women’s issues.
What is “Free Association”?
Process of reporting without censorship on any thoughts, feelings or images that enter one’s consciousness. Used in Psychoanalysis (psychodynamic approach)
Define Genuineness.
Consistency between a therapist’s behaviour and feelings.
Define Insight.
Conscious awareness of the pschodynamics which contribute to problems.
What is “Interpersonal Therapy”?
A shortened form of psychoanalysis therapy which focuses on a client’s current relationships with other important people in their life. Useful for many disorders, including depression.
What is Interpretation?
Statements given by the therapist to the client, with the aim of aiding the client’s insight. Should only interpret what the client is very close to understanding themselves. In Psychoanalysis.
What is Meta-analysis?
Researcher overviews results of many studies to arrive at overall conclusion.
What is “Mindfulness”?
Type of 3rd wave cognitive-behavioural therapy. Promotes a mental state of awareness, openness and acceptance. Difficult thoughts and emotions are reportedly far less impactful, when experienced from a mindfulness state. Reduces stress. Requires meditation technique to achieve mindfulness.
