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personality Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an Archetype?

A

Concept by Jung that we have collective memories. These have an inherited aspect of how experiences are interpreted. Expressed as images/symbols(=archetype) which may be expressed in many different cultures.

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2
Q

What is “behavioural assessment”?

A

observers trained to accuracy of coding observed behaviour. Behaviours investigated in terms of what the behaviour is and what the triggers are. Used by Behaviourists.Method of assessing behaviour.

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3
Q

What is a “behavioural signature”?

A

A particular and individually consistent manner of responding to a specific situation.

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4
Q

What is “behaviour-outcome expectancy”?

A

Part of Cognitive -Affective Personality System (CAPS).

The cognitive part of behaviour, based on what is expected to follow from a course of action.

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5
Q

What is the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

A

Theory by Walter Mischel & Yuichi Shoda of Social-Cognitive Perspective. Personality and behaviour based on the interactions between the 5 variables, which are:

  1. encodings and personal constructs
  2. expectanccies/beliefs
  3. goals and values
  4. emotions (affects)
  5. competencies and self regulations
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6
Q

What is the “collective unconscious”?

A

Carl Jung’s theory of memories accumulated for entire human race.Recognised by being in acrchetypal form.

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7
Q

what are “conditions of worth”?

A

The belief that one is only worthy of love and approval when one meets certain conditions. ie One has not had completely unconditional positive regard from parents etc.

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8
Q

What is “congruence”?

A

Consistency between self perception and experience. If there is in-congruence, this leads to anxiety.

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9
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

To reduce anxiety, the ego engages in unconscious mental processes which are based on unrealities.
Types:Repression,Denial,Displacement, Intellectualisation, Projection,Rationalisation, Reaction formation, Sublimation. In psychoanalytic theory.

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10
Q

What is the Ego?

A

Part of self which interacts with outside world and should be grounded in reality. Operates within conscious sphere. Known as “executive of personality” as balances pleasure seeking id with righteous superego. In psychoanalytic theory.

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11
Q

What is the “Electra Complex”?

A

Freudian belief of a female desiring to have her father’s offspring (counterpart of male Oedipus complex).

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12
Q

What is the Empirical Approach?

A

A way of measuring personality where answers are of interest due to history showing different personality types will answer differently.eg MMPI-2scales have shown answers to correlate to degree of psychological disturbance.

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13
Q

What is Factor Analysis?

A

Clusters of behaviours that are highly correlated to each other, but not to other clusters. Thus all possible personality descriptors are reduced to some broad categories, such as The Big 5.

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14
Q

What is Fixation?

A

In psychoanalytic theory, where psychosexual development stops and is fixated on a theme.

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15
Q

What is a Fully Functioning Person according to Carl Rogers?

A

Someone who is close to achieving self-actualisation.They are free of conditions of worth , accept inner and outer experiences without requiring defence mechanisms to modify them and are unconstrained by the expectations of others.

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16
Q

What are Gender Schemas?

A

An internal mental concept of what is appropriate or ideal for gender. Influenced by social norms and beliefs.

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17
Q

What is the Id?

A

Part of the unconscious personality in the psychodynamic theory. Present from birth. Operates purely to seek out pleasure.

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18
Q

What is meant by the “Internal-External locus of control”?

A

A Julian Rotter theory in the social-cognitive persective.
Each individual has an idea of how much life outcomes are due to oneself or to external forces. Those with an internal locus of control believe they are largely responsible for their own life outcome, whereas those with an external locus of control believe they have very little control over their life”s outcome.

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19
Q

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2? (MMPI-2)

A

An empiric form of personality scale. A measure of severe personality disorder to aid psychiatric diagnosis as well as screening personalities for military or industry etc.

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20
Q

Describe the Need for Positive Regard.

A

Rogers in phenomenological-humanistic approach believes we are born with an innate desire for acceptance, love and sympathy from others.

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21
Q

Describe the Need for Positive Self-Regard.

A

Also, Rogers believed we are born with the need to feel good about oneself.

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22
Q

Who are Neoanalytic Theorists?

A

Pschoanalytic theorists who moved away from some of Freud’s teachings. Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, karen Horney and Erik Erikson. Disagreed with Freud’s emphasis on infantile sexuality. Believed in childhood events contributing to personality but believed personality developed over a lifetime.

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23
Q

What is the “NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)”?

A

A personality scales measuring the Big 5 Personality traits. A rational-theoretical approach. Questions answered by self.

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24
Q

What are Öbject Relations Theories”?

A

Post Freud, a pschoanalytical theory that mental views of people or objects from our past, unconsciously colour how we have relationships today/in the future. May foster self-fulfilling prophecies.

25
Q

What is the “Oedipus Complex”?

A

Freudian belief that during the 4th and 5th year boys are in the phallic stage and desire their mother whilst fearing their father.

26
Q

What is a “Personal Construct”?

A

George Kelly’s central theory in the phenomenological-humanistic approach. Individuals have their own cognitive system of how events and people are viewed. Understanding an individual’s internal world can predict their behaviour.

27
Q

How is Personality defined?

A

personality is the distinctive , relatively stable, fashion in which an individual behaves, acts and thinks in response to situations.

28
Q

What is a Personality Trait?

A

A basic class of behaviour. Categories of traits are used by trait theorists. A Factor-analytic approach, categorizes personality into various traits. 2 main approaches are Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors, and The Big Five factor Model.

29
Q

What is the Personal Unconscious?

A

Our individual unconscious which is derived from personal experiences. In Neoanalytic Theory.

30
Q

What is Phenomenology?

A

The belief that behaviour is a response to immediate experience and cognition.

31
Q

What is the Pleasure Principle?

A

When operating purely for immediate gratification. Allegedly the modus operandi of the Id.

32
Q

What are Projective Tests?

A

The pschodynamic theory’s method of assessing the subconscious. Tests involve showing subjects ambiguous pictures and recording their first-most response of what they see.

33
Q

What are the Psychosexual Stages?

A

One of Freud’s theories. The belief that children pass through certain stages, with each stage being the focus of a different area of pleasure. If a stage is deprived or over-indulged, Fixation or Regression may result.

34
Q

What is the “Rational-Theoretical Approach”?

A

This is the approach taken with some personality tests, such as NEO-PI. The thearist or assessor has a pre-conceived understanding of the different traits which may be used to categorize the respondent.

35
Q

What is “The Reality Principle”?

A

The testing of reality to judge when impulses and needs can be safely satisfied. The manner in which the Ego allegedly assesses when the i’d desires can be given rein. Part of Psychodynamic approach.

36
Q

What is “Reciprocal Determinism”?

A

The foundation of the social-cognitive principle. States that a person’s cognition, environment and behaviour all influence each other.

37
Q

What is Repression?

A

Part of Psychoanalytic Theory. A defence mechanism of the ego. Some energy is used to prevent anxiety-causing impulses or memories from reaching consciousness.

38
Q

What is “Remote Behaviour Sampling”?

A

Research method where data is collected by subject at various times of day(triggered by random beeper) on mood,thoughts,behaviour etc.

39
Q

What is Regression?

A

Part of psychoanalytic theory.If there is stress beyond an individual’s coping, they may retreat to a previous psychosexual stage.

40
Q

What is the “Role Construct Repertory Test”?

A

Used in phenomenological-humanistic approach, to assess individual’s personal constructs. Consider any 3 people or events. How are they similar or different?

41
Q

What is a Rorschach Test?

A

Consists of 10 ambiguous inkblots. Respondents asked for first impression of what might be.Scored on kinds of reported objects, which details are picked up on, and emotional tone of the picture. Used by psychodynamic theorists to examine the subconscious.

42
Q

What is meant by the Self?

A

Particularly used by Carl Rogers in the Phenomenological-humanistic approach. The self is defined as a consistent set of organised perceptions and beliefs about oneself.

43
Q

What is “Self-actualisation”?

A

According to Carl Rogers in phenomenological-humanistic theory: self-actualisation is the geatest fulfillment of human potential. This is what we strive for when our behaviours are not impeded by the environment.

44
Q

What is “Self-consistency”?

A

In Carl Rogers’ theory, once the concept of self has been established, there is a need for this concept to be consistent. Inconsistencies lead to anxiety. those who are considered well adjusted, can modify their self concept so that their experiences are congruent, but less well adjusted individuals may deny or distort their experiences (such as blaming others for their own shortfalls), in order to maintain their self concept.

45
Q

What is ‘self-efficacy”?

A

Part of Bandura’s explanation along the Social-Cognitive Perspective. Self efficacy is an individual’s level of belief in their own abilities for a particular desired outcome. This is based on:

  1. previous prior performance
  2. observational learning of others
  3. verbal persuasion from others
  4. level of emotional arousal-usually deleterious but some can harness this effectively.
46
Q

What is “self-enhancement”?

A

The strong natural tendency for someone to gain and maintain a positive image to others. This may include positive self-delusion of one’s abilities compared with others. Carl Rogers.

47
Q

What is “self-esteem”

A

Part of the Phenomenological-humanistic explanation. Self esteem is how positively or negatively we regard ourselves. Considered to be relatively stable over life. Those with higher self esteem have fewer interpersonal problems, achieve more highly and are less affected by social pressure. Those with lower self esteem are more reactive to life’s ups and downs. Self esteem is considered to be fostered by parents displaying unconditional love, with clear behavioural guidelines whilst allowing the child freedom of decision and opinion (within guidelines). Non parents also exert an influence.

48
Q

What is “self-monitoring”?

A

The concept that personality traits may not be consistent, due to situational change, and a person’s ability to present differently by reading what is considered appropriate. To be highly self-monitored means to be skilled at reading situational cues and changing accordingly.,Low self-monitors however are typical of “what you see is what you get” across all situations.

49
Q

What are “self-regulation processes”?

A

Part of Cognitive-Affective Personality System. An individual regulates their behaviour via self administered reward or punishment (eg by self approval/pride or self-reproach/guilt etc. These self regulatory processes may overcome external consequences, thereby making an individual more autonomous.

50
Q

What is “self verification”?

A

Phenomenological-humanistic. The need to confirm the self concept. It is suggested that people are more likely to recall comments that are consistent with their own self-concept.

51
Q

What is the “Social-Cognitive Theory”?

A

The belief of reciprocal determinism between a person’s cognitive processes, their behaviour, and their environment. This means that all influence the others.

52
Q

What is a “Structured Interview”?

A

A type of interview where every interviewee is asked the same set of questions, in an effort to make it standardised.

53
Q

What is “Sublimation”?

A

Psychodynamic approach. A defence mechanism where taboo impulses (such as aggression etc) may be channelled into socially acceptable behaviours (such as being a bounty hunter or boxing champion etc).

54
Q

What is the “Superego”?

A

Psychodynamic approach.The “over-I”. The moral part of personality. Develops by age 4 or 5. Based on the absorbed traditional values of own’s family and society.

55
Q

What is “Temperament”?

A

Part of the biological foundations perspective. The differences between individuals in emotion and behaviour which appear extremely early in life. Believed to have a biological basis. differences are: emotionality, activity level, sociability and impulsivity. Present in infancy. Believed to be building blocks for subsequent personality development.

56
Q

What is the “Thematic Apperception Test”? (TAT)

A

A series of pictues/pantings/drawings etc, which require some interpretation but are less ambiguous than eg Rorshach. Subject asked to write a story re what is happening, what led to it, characters’ thoughts and feelings and how story ends.

57
Q

What is a “Threat”?

A

Any experience which is incongruent with our self-perception.

58
Q

What is “ Unconditional Positive Regard”?

A

The persistent parental (usually) positive regard which is given without terms. This fosters the belief that the individual is worthy of love and affection irrespective of achievement.

psychology individual and social development (6 decks)

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