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psychological disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is “Abnormal Behaviour”?

A

Either or combination of:

a) behaviour which is personally distressing
b) behaviour which is personally dysfunctional
c) others judge behaviour to be socially deviant, inappropriate or maladaptive.

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2
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

Excessive fear of situations such as public transport, being in a crowd, being outside of home.

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3
Q

What is “Antisocial Personality Disorder”?

A

Type of Personality Disorder.Begins in childhood. Severely irresponsible, antisocial, impulsive need for gratification, highly manipulative,lack conscience.

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4
Q

What is Anxiety?

A

Natural response to a perceived threat. Tension, apprehension, worry,, increased heart rate, muscle tension, avoidance of feared situation, increased startle response.

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5
Q

What are “Anxiety and Related Disorders”?

A

Disorders where frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are disproportionate to the triggering situations. Includes Phobic Disorders, Generalised Anxiety Disorder, and Panic Disorder.

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6
Q

What is “Attention deficit/hyperactivity Disorder “(ADHD)?

A

Childhood disorder (but 50% continue into adulthood). Inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity or combination of. 11% of Australian children. Probably caused by combination of genetics and parenting.

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7
Q

What is “Autism Spectrum Disorder”?

A

Childhood disorder, appears prior to 3 years and remains throughout life. Just under 1% of children affected in US. Includes Asperger’s. Lack of social responsiveness to others, language and communication difficulties, repetitive and stereotypical behaviour patterns. Routine is very important to them. Usually reduced mental ability, a few with savant ability in particular areas such as calendar manipulation.

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8
Q

What is “Bipolar Disorder”?

A

Alternate between major depression and periods of mania

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9
Q

What is “Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)”?

A

Type of personality disorder. Serious instability in behaviour, emotion, identity and interpersonal relationships. Clinging dependency or vitriolic hatred within relationships. Histories of abuse, poor parenting. Cognitive splitting-inability to integrate positive and negative aspects of others’ personalities.Possibly some neurotransmitter imbalance.

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10
Q

What is Competency?

A

The judgement of whether an individual is mentally fit to stand trial.

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11
Q

What is Compulsion?

A

A repetitive behavioural response. Maybe be overt eg cleaning repeatedly or covert eg reciting string of words in awn head. Extremely difficult top control. Strengthened via negative reinforcement because temporarily avoids anxiety

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12
Q

What is “Conversion Disorder”?

A

A type of Somatic Symptom Disorder. Serious neurological deficit implied eg paralysis or blindness,BUT no deficits in neurological pathways can be found. eg Glove anaesthesia.Presumed underlying anxiety.

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13
Q

What are Culture-bound Disorders?

A

Personality disorders which only occur in certain locales.eg. Koro in South east Asia, where a man fears his penis will retract into his abdomen and kill him.

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14
Q

What are Delusions?

A

False beliefs which are sustained in the face of evidence that would normally be considered sufficient to debunk such beliefs. Often seen in Schizophrenia.

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15
Q

What is the “Depressive Attributional Pattern”?

A

Thought pattern often used by those with depression, where positive outcomes are attributed to extrnal factors and negative outcomes to self. This feeds in to lowering self esteem. Is opposite to non depressed people who usually use Self-enhancement attributional pattern.

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16
Q

What is the “Depressive Cognitive Triad”?

A

Negative thoughts of the world, oneself and the future.

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17
Q

What is “Dissociative Amnesia”?

A

In response to a stressful event a person has extensive but selective memory loss.

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18
Q

What are Dissociative Disorders?

A

Disorders where there is a breakdown of normal personality integration. Results in significant alterations in memory and or identity. Includes Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (formerly multiple personality disorder).

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19
Q

What is Dissociative Fugue?

A

A profound dissociative state with loss of all sense of personal identity. Usually wander to a far location and commence a completely new life, until hours to years later, “awaken” in distress and mystification, and recall previous life.

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20
Q

What is “Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)”?

A

Two or more personalities exist in same person. Controversial as to true or not. Dramatic differences reported amongst the alters (personalities).Believed to occur due to extreme stress, (possibly sexual abuse)usually in early childhood.

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21
Q

What are “Disturbances in Interpersonal Functioning”?

A

One of the core features assessed in the new Dimensional Diagnostic System. Assesses disturbances of empathy and intimacy. (Other core feature is Disturbances in the self).

22
Q

What are “Disturbances in the Self”?

A

Part of Dimensional assessment approach to psychological disorders. This part looks at disturbances of identity and self direction.

23
Q

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

Theory that positive signs of schizophrenia are due to overactivity of Dopamine Activating System in areas regulating emotion, behaviour and cognition.. Schizophrenics have more dopamine receptors and are more reactive.

24
Q

What is “Generalised Anxiety Disorder”?

A

One of the disorders in “Anxiety and Related Disorders”. A chronic state of anxiety, not attached to specific cause. Existing longer than 6 months. Onset in childhood / adolescence.Hard to concentrate and remember commitments.

25
Q

What are Hallucinations?

A

A false perception that seems real. May be auditory, visual or tactile. Experienced by some schizophrenics.

26
Q

Define Insanity.

A

Legal term. The opinion by experts that at the time of committing a crime, the defendant could not appreciate their act as wrong, nor could they control their behaviour.

27
Q

What is the “Learned Helplessness Theory”?

A

Theory of Depression persistence. Depressed people expect bad occurrences and are resigned that nothing can be done. Promoted by thoughts such as “it’s all my fault”, “I will always be this way”, “I’m a complete loser” etc.

28
Q

What is “Major Depression”?

A

Intense state of dysphoria and anhedonia leading to ineffective life functioning. Has cognitive, motivational and somatic symptoms.

29
Q

What is Mania?

A

In Bipolar disorder. Bouts of depression and mania. Mania is exhibited with euphoria and grandiose ideas.

30
Q

What are “Mood Disorders”?

A

A label no longer used for current classifications, but used to refer to depression, mania or both.

31
Q

What are “Negative Symptoms”?

A

In reference to schizophrenia, negative symptoms are an absence of normal behaviours, including lack of emotion, loss of motivation and absence of speech.

32
Q

What is “neurotic anxiety”?

A

In psychodynamic theory, when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the ego’s defences, and break into consciousness.

33
Q

What are “Obsessions”?

A

Particularly in regards to Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images or impulses.

34
Q

What is “Panic Disorder”?

A

An anxiety disorder but periods of panic are intense, sudden and unpredictable. No identifiable reason for the panic. Sufferers may feel like are dying. Because episodes are unpredictabe, this causes ongoing worry, often leading to agoraphobia.

35
Q

What typifies a “Personality Disorder”?

A

Consistent, ingrained, inflexible, maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving. Maladaptive behaviours are intensified when encountering situations where their behaviours do not work, and unresolved conflicts re-emerge.

36
Q

What is a “Phobia”?

A

A strong, irrational fear of an object or situation.

37
Q

What are “Positive Symptoms”?

A

IN reference to schizophrenia, symptoms which are pathological extremes of normal behaviours, such as delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech and disordered cognition.

38
Q

What is “Post-Traumatic stress Disorder”?

A

Formerly in anxiety disorder group, now in its own class.. Severe disorder occurring in some people exposed to major trauma. Intrusive images and memories, cause re-living of the trauma. Experience fear, helplessness, self blame and anger. Sleep disturbance and hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response and impulsivity.

39
Q

What is “Regression”?

A

Freud’s explanation of schizophrenia, where a person retreats to an earlier and more secure stage of psychosocial development, to avoid anxiety.

40
Q

What is “Reliability”?

A

Clinician’s using a shared diagnostic system, should show a high level of agreement in diagnoses.

41
Q

What is “Schizophrenia”?

A

Severe disturbances in cognition, speech, perception, emotion and behaviour.Misinterprets reality, disordered thinking, often social withdrawal, communicates strangely, neglects personal grooming and behaves disorganizedly.

42
Q

What is the”Social Causation Hypothesis”?

A

The theory that social stressors can contribute to the manifestation of disorders. Schizophrenia, for example is more prevalent in lower socio-economic groups, and the Social Causation Hypothesis proposes that financial stress is a contributor.

43
Q

What is the “Social Drift Hypothesis”?

A

Theory that eg schizophrenics more prevalent in lower socio-economic groups, because their inabilty to work etc, causes them to drift into lower socio-economic group.

44
Q

What is “Social Phobia”?

A

Fear of social situations where subject fears negative judgement by others.

45
Q

What are “Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders”?

A

Group of disorders where anxiety is inferred, but may not be obvious. There are overt physical apparant medical symptoms such as blindness, denervation, etc, yet none but a psychological cause can be found.

46
Q

What is a “Specific Phobia”?

A

An intense fear of a specific object or sitution. Can develop at any age, yet often during childhood.Seldom disappear without aid, and often broaden over time to become less specific.

47
Q

What is “Splitting”?

A

Failure to integrate the good and bad sides of another’s character. Symptom of Borderline Personality Disorder.

48
Q

What is the “Trauma Dissociation Theory”?

A

Frank Putnam’s theory that new personalities occur in response to extreme stress.Explanation of Dissociative Identity Disorder.

49
Q

What is the “Triple Vulnerability Model of Emotional Disorders”?

A

The multi-causal belief for anxiety and depression. ie All factors (biology, environment, psychosocial) interact, such as genetics, overactive/underreactive neurotransmitter pathways, life events, cognitive patterns, social fabric, ineffective/effective coping strategies.

50
Q

What is “Validity”?

A

That a diagnosistic category is accurate in reflecting essential features of a disorder.

51
Q

What is the “Vulnerability Stress Model”?

A

The view that psychological disorders manifest when a combination of vulnerability factors and stressors induces a high level of stress.

psychology individual and social development (6 decks)

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