treatment, intervention, prevention and supervision Flashcards
__________ is based on the idea that behavior change is more successful
when it is based on individuals’ preparedness for change, which occurs in stages
(Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992). Individual treatments need to be tailored
to the client’s stage of change. The benefit will be an overall reduction of cost, as treatments
the client is not ready for will not be employed (Miller & Rollnick, 2002).
The Transtheoretical Model (MI): precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance
According to _______ theory, behavior and mental health are largely determined
by childhood experience and progression through stages of development.
psychoanalytic
Psychoanalysts also consider ________
(i.e., the client’s relationship with the therapist) a powerful therapeutic tool.
transference
The process of psychotherapy involves three phases: the opening phase, which involves identifying the presenting problem and severity; the middle
phase, which entails therapeutic treatment; and the final phase, termination
(Corsini & Wedding, 2008). ________ has been most effective in treating
dramatic and eccentric clusters of personality disorders (Wood & Wood, 2008).
Psychoanalysis
_________, also referred to as individual psychotherapy, is a model
of treatment that views dreams, thoughts, emotions, and physical health as working
together holistically as opposed to working as distinct entities (Wood & Wood,
2008). Healthy living is governed by the way one connects to others, including
family, community, and/or society in general. X emphasized the child’s perception
of his or her role in family dynamics (Corsini & Wedding, 2008). X
postulated that mental health was contingent on how a child perceives his self and ideal self.
Adlerian psychotherapy
use future-oriented strategies that emphasize how goals determine
individuals’ course of life (Wood & Wood, 2008). Psychotherapy consists of
four specific aims: establishing and maintaining a healthy relationship with the
patient; discovering the patient’s way of life, including reactions to stimuli, relationships,
and goals, and their effects on life; building insight through therapy; and
reorientation of the individual (Corsini & Wedding, 2008). During treatment, the
therapist’s role is to provide an ideal persona of a healthy person for the patient to
imitate and model to enable change and growth (Corsini & Wedding, 2008).
Adlerian treatment
______ psychotherapy, also known as Jungian psychotherapy, considers
the patient–therapist relationship as a prototype of the general structure of
the patient’s relationship pattern (Wood & Wood, 2008). Jung based analytical
psychotherapy on four tenets: the self-regulating psyche, or soul; the unconscious,
which was considered compensatory and elaborate; the relationship with
the patient, which facilitates awareness and health; and several stages to selfimprovement
(Corsini & Wedding, 2008)
Analytical (Jungian) therapy
Treatment emphasizes the
creation of healthy balance between internal opposites and different aspects
of people’s lives, focusing on present and future goals (Wood & Wood, 2008).
Some basic therapeutic techniques include confession (recalling personal experiences),
elucidation (insight into internal processes), education (improvement
of personal/health behavior), and transformation (process of self-actualization)
Analytical / Jungian therapy
______ therapy focuses on the client as the
expert on his or her experiences and emphasizes trust between the patient and
therapist as critical to successful treatment (Wood & Wood, 2008). According to
Rogers,
negative views of the self and the world delay development and growth,
leading to mental health problems. These problems can be reversed through a
positive and nurturing environment provided by the therapist in treatment (Wood
& Wood, 2008). Conditions for healing to occur include the creation of a nurturing
and nonthreatening environment, genuineness, unconditional positive regard,
and empathy. Therapist uses non-directive stance, respect, and partnership.
client-centered
______ psychotherapy is influenced by early European philosophy that focused
on observing human existence, perspectives on life, and the world attained from
this observation (Wood & Wood, 2008). The foundation of existential psychotherapy
relies on the notion that individuals’ perceptions of the world differ, and
therapeutic issues need to be viewed within an individual’s worldview (Wood &
Wood, 2008). The existential tenet of life is that everyone experiences emotions,
and existential theory does not label certain emotions as pathological (Hoffman &
Cleare-Hoffman, 2011). Emotions are defined as being pathological based on their
situational and cultural context. Threats such as death, seclusion, and loss of liberty
may challenge individuals’ coping abilities and existential treatment enables
individuals to accept responsibility for adapting to and growing from these experiences
(Wood & Wood, 2008). The therapist serves as a guide, demonstrating possibilities
the patient can achieve. A healthy alliance between therapist and patient is
crucial in order for the patient to transcend and achieve meaning despite adversity
(Corsini & Wedding, 2008).
Existential
_______ psychologists believe that individuals are defined by their environment,
social networks, family, and memories. The interaction of these factors may contribute
to the whole person, but the individual is more than simply the sum of these
aspects of themselves. The therapeutic process encompasses an understanding of
the interactions among these aspects of life and experience (Corsini
& Wedding,
2008; Wood & Wood, 2008). Dysfunction results from a failure to learn from experience
and engaging in repetitive patterns of behavior (Corsini & Wedding,
2008).
Rapport and trust form the basis of an interactive treatment approach in Gestalt
therapy (Wood & Wood, 2008). The goal of therapy is to achieve homeostasis, an
internal balance between physical and internal mechanisms Techniques used to
achieve homeostasis include imagining reactions to real-life events, writing and
expressing emotions to a significant person without actually sending it, and then
writing a response based on what you believe that person might say, and increasing
the patient’s awareness of his or her reactions, both psychological and physical,
to a specific situation (Wood & Wood, 2008).
Gestalt
Family therapy defines a family as a system of individuals and sheds light on how
the members influence each other and how they, themselves, are influenced—a
concept known as __________.
reciprocal causality
Structural family therapy is an approach devised by ________ that
places an emphasis on the family as a system rather than focusing on the individual
member as being problematic
Minuchin
The basic concepts of ______ therapy are as follows: technical eclecticism,
which enables mental health professionals to choose the best treatment
approach for a particular person and problem, and theoretical integration, in
which at least two modes of therapy are combined. Combining modes of therapy
is based on the idea that a combination of modes is more effective at explaining
and resolving issues compared to any single mode; identification and utilization
of common factors that reflect underlying principles of different therapies to
create an efficacious treatment; and assimilative integration, which entails firmly
rooting oneself in one mode of therapy with an openness to incorporate methods
outside of one’s orientation (Corsini & Wedding,
2008
integrative
Lifetime prevalence rates for depression in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
- 5%
2: 1
Lifetime prevalence rates for a Bipolar Disorder in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
4%
1:1
OCD and PTSD were classified as _____ disorders in the DSM-IV-TR
anxiety disorders
Lifetime prevalence rates for GAD in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
5%
2:1
Lifetime prevalence rates for OCD in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
1.6%
Re-experiencing,
avoidance and numbing,
physio hyperarousal
Three categories of PTSD Symptoms
Lifetime prevalence rates for PTSD in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
- 8%
3: 1
Lifetime prevalence rates for BPD in US adults:
Gender rates: F:M
1.6%
A child with ____ disorder demonstrates normal development prenatally, at
birth, and at least 5 months post birth. This period of normal development is
then followed by a slowing of normal development or decline in functioning
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The child may demonstrate the following
symptoms: slowing of head growth, loss of hand skills, loss of social engagement,
poorly coordinated movements and impaired language development. Only in girls.
Rett’s
_____ prevention strategies rely on education, motivational
encouragement, social support, law and policy, and environment to inform the
public of risk factors that lead to disease (Gullotta & Bloom, 2003). Risk is determined
at the social, psychological, and biological levels (World Health Organization
[WHO], 2004). Primary prevention is universal and may involve campaigns that target
the general population or groups that are not necessarily at immediate risk and
equip these groups with knowledge they may apply to future risks (Doyle, 2006).
Primary
________ prevention refers to efforts aimed to reduce prevalence and impact
of disease (WHO, 2004) by promoting the adoption of behaviors that protect and
improve health. An example of secondary prevention is smoking cessation and
increased physical activity in individuals with depression following a myocardial
infarction (Myers, Gerber, Benyamini, Goldbourt, & Drory, 2012).
Secondary
________ of prevention reduce the negative impact of disease by
restoring function and reducing disease-related complication. Goals of tertiary
prevention include the reduction of disability, improvement of function, enhancing
rehabilitation efforts and impact, and relapse prevention (WHO, 2004).
Tertiary methods
Rape crisis centers are an example of an indicated prevention method and
a _________ preventive measure for women who have been victimized (Sajatovic,
Sanders, Alexeenko, & Madhusoodanan, 2010).
primary
To reduce immigration-related
stress, _______ prevention methods include the provision of resources to ameliorate
the challenges encountered by immigrants, including language training, promotion of
general health, and education. Among immigrant youth, such as students from and/or
of Mexican descent who are at high risk, a ______ prevention program targeting
substance use may include education about pressures and dangers resulting in alcohol
and drug use (Marsiglia, Ayers, Gance-Cleveland, Mettler, & Booth, 2012).
Primary; Secondary
The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment
Study reported that the prevalence of PTSD in returning military personnel was _ - _ %
9-15%
Recently there has been a trend toward mindfulness and _______ techniques in order to increase athletes’ awareness of their psychological state (Moore, 2009). Think “Mental Strength” is important in this but not sure how to empirically test this.
ACT
These include: work overload, insufficient
reward, breakdown of community, absence of fairness, lack of control, and
conflicting values
factors that increase the likelihood of burnout.
The common aspects of __________ include using an individual to facilitate change, focusing on relationships
within the organization; support from management of the organization, and
perceiving change as an ongoing process (Grieves, 2000). OD strives to improve the
organization’s capacity to benefit all parties involved, including financially, quality
of life, and work performance (Taute & Taute, 2012)
Organizational Development
There are three phases in conducting OD: identifying the problem through consultation
with managing officials and the entity that requested OD implementation;
diagnostics through information gathering and interviews in order to interpret and
address the issues; intervention in which the plan of action to diminish the problem
is implemented, otherwise known as the ___________. and the evaluation
process to assess the effectiveness of the intervention (Taute & Taute, 2012).
joint action planning (JAP);
Research has demonstrated that the use of _______ increases company profits and lowers
employee turnover (Guest, Michie, Conway, & Sheehan, 2003). However, there are
many management and organizational theories and techniques with little consensus
on impact of these theories and techniques on performance (Boselie et al., 2005).
Human Resources;
“There is no Carol in HR”
Client-centered case consultation is focused on problem resolution, whereas \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ consultation (CCC) is concerned with improving the clients’ skills, confidence, and professional objectivity in addition to problem resolution
consultee-centered
Consultee-centered administrative consultation entails assessing professional
performance in unfamiliar situations, whereas _________ administrative
consultation is used to create a plan of action that suits and improves the
mental health affinity of a community (Knotek, 2006)
program-centered
Modern approaches to career
counseling have seen an increase in the use of the _____ in which the
individual is engaged as an active agent in a story of his or her career development
narrative approach
Within the _______ framework, career is conceptualized by internal locus
of control and the subjective experience of the client (Amundson, 2005). This
approach allows people to shape their work lives through active participation and decision making.
constructivist
In _______ career development is viewed as a result of the involvement
between the individual and contextual variables (Amundson, 2005). Individual
systems encompass gender, interest, and personality. Contextual systems include
social and environmental contexts; interaction between these systems changes over
time. The counselor views this as a dynamic process and works with the individual
to help him or her adapt and change with their environment (Amundson, 2005).
systems theory
A phenomenon described in
______ theory is “planned happenstance,” which describes career development
arising from random events; however, the probability of these random events
occurring is influenced by certain traits such as curiosity, optimism, and risk taking.
paradoxical
_____ theory connects action and career with action being individual, social, and
all other goal-oriented activities (Amundson, 2005). Social aspects refer to the
importance of social networks in the development of careers.
Action
_________ counseling is a constructivist approach to career counseling that
has been increasingly used over the last decade (McMahon et al., 2012). Critical to
narrative counseling is listening to the client’s accounts; the counselors’ role is to
engage the client as a personal agent in his career development. Moreover, counselors
place the client in stories with real-life scenarios to help them gain a holistic
picture of the client’s life and reactions to a variety of career-involved experiences
Narrative career
therapist-assisted ______ was
found to be a more effective treatment than self-help alone (Coull & Morris, 2011).
self-help
The ______ model is often referred to as the public model, which is primarily funded through taxation; budgets compete with spending priorities
within its system (Lameire et al., 1999)
Beveridge
The ______ model is referred to
as the mixed model and is funded through a combination of premiums and social/
mandatory insurance. Countries such as Germany and Switzerland use this model
(Lameire et al., 1999).
Bismarck
The United States uses a model known as the _______ model, in which funding is based on premiums through private insurance
companies, with the exception of public social care such as Medicare and Medicaid,
which is publicly funded (Lameire et al., 1999). Within the private insurance
model, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations
(PPOs) are some of the networks that are offered through employers
(Xu & Jensen, 2006).
private insurance
_______ includes the identification
and acknowledgment of risk factors and protective factors across diverse
settings such as community, family, school, and social networks. For example, risk
reduction in older adults attempting suicide may include identifying factors that
increase vulnerability to suicide such as poor health, poor social integration, or
chronic pain, and implementing secondary prevention interventions that target
these risks and help the individual manage them in a way that is both beneficial
and productive (Manthorpe & Iliffe, 2012).
Risk reduction
Many current researchers have found that effective
_______ consists of a positive working relationship, continual assessment of student’s skills and needs, and constructive criticism as well as praise (Westefeld,
2009).
supervision
supervision models with empirical support and an evidence base. These
include the developmental model, CBT model, and ____ model.
dynamic
______ studies are most useful for establishing whether or not a treatment has an effect, while effectiveness studies are best for assessing clinical utility; i.e., for determining a treatment’s generalizability, feasibility, and cost-effectiveness.
Efficacy
Remoralization,
Remediation,
Rehabilition
3 treatment phases; effectiveness caps out around session 26 d/t research
Alloplastic intervention is to change things to the environment to better suite the client; _________ is to help the client change and interact better with their environment
autoplastic intervention
Awareness
Knowledge
Skills
Cultural competence (Sue and Sue)
therapists are exhibiting _________ when they (a) define everyone’s reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes; (b) disregard cultural differences; (c) ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs; (d) rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems; and (e) disregard their own cultural biases
cultural encapsulation
Emic refers to culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies. When an emic approach is used to understand a culture, an attempt is made to see things through the eyes of the members of that culture. In contrast, etic refers to phenomena that reflect a universal (culture-general) orientation. An _____ approach involves viewing people from different cultures as essentially the same. Traditional psychological theories and practices usually reflect an ____ perspective.
etic
Entry
Diagnosis
Implementation
Disengagement
Steps of Consultation
It occurs when a therapist (supervisee) replicates problems and symptoms with the supervisor that are being manifested by the therapist’s client. For example. if a client is anxious and frustrated and the psychological intern is not able to alleviate those symptoms, the intern may enter supervision anxious and frustrated.
Parallel process
This provides assessment of disability in the following 6 categories: understanding and communicating, getting around, self-care, getting along with people, life activities, and participation in society.
The World Health Organization Diagnostic Assessment Schedule (WHO-DAS) 2.0
________ inventories measure personality traits in five domains: negative affect, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism.
Personality
The __________: provides guidelines for assessing four factors: the client’s cultural identity; the client’s cultural conceptualization of distress; the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client’s vulnerability and resilience; and cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist.
Outline for Cultural Formulation
It focuses on four domains: cultural definition of the problem; cultural perceptions of cause, context, and support; cultural factors affecting self-coping and past help seeking; and cultural factors affecting current help seeking.
Cultural Formulation Interview
the DSM-5 includes a _____ that describes several culture-specific syndromes- for example, ataque de nervios is a syndrome recognized by members of certain Latino cultures that is characterized by screaming, crying. trembling, and aggression and a sense of being out of control and often occurs in reaction to a stressful event involving the family.
Glossary of Cultural Concepts of Distress
a technique in behavior therapy that aims to replace an undesired response (e.g., anxiety) with a desired one by counterconditioning.
reciprocal inhibition
