Growth and Lifespan Development Flashcards
individuals incorporate new information or experiences
into an existing schema. For example, a child who has learned the word “dog” for
a four-legged animal may refer to other animals such as cats, zebras, and elephants
as “dogs.”
assimilation
individuals adjust their schema to
take into account new information or experiences. Thus, a child learns to fine-tune
his “dog” schema to only include animals that are four-legged, furry, and bark
accommodation
The balance of accommodation and assimilation in kids. The internal search for equilibrium is the motivation
for change and helps to explain children’s shift from one stage of thought to
the next.
equilibration
reflexes that are separated from the eliciting stimulus (according to Piaget)
habits
creation of an event that initially occurred by chance (according to Piaget)
primary circular
reactions
This stage
is dominated by egocentric thinking and magical beliefs
Preoperational stage
focusing on one aspect to the exclusion of all others.
Centration
_____is the understanding
that changing the appearance of an object or substance does not change its basic
properties.
Conservation
Instruction plays a major
role in cognitive development, as reflected in the concept of the _____
zone of proximal
development (Vygotsky)
_____ refers to the
changing level of support an instructor provides as she adjusts to a child’s current
performance level based on his increasing skill level.
Scaffolding
Dynamic Systems theory
Thelen
These action-based processes include the
selection of desired goals or strategies that one chooses to pursue, optimization
of actions and abilities that can be used to achieve such goals, and compensation,
or adjustment of goals and strategies in response to losses in capacity (Baltes &
Baltes, 1990).
Selective Optimization with Compensation (Life Span Model).
newborns born before
37 weeks are considered premature and are at risk of complications, including
immature lungs, respiratory distress, and digestive problems.
Preterm birth
Scores above 7 indicate a healthy
baby, and below 4 indicate a baby in critical condition.
Apgar score (1 and 5 minutes after birth)
__________, suggesting
that auditory input is not necessary for babbling.
deaf babies babble
____ or the use of others’ emotional
expressions to interpret ambiguous events, is another important part of social and
emotional development.
Social referencing,
________, a particular aspect of emotion regulation and of temperament, is the ability to withhold a dominant, reactive response
in order to execute a more adaptive response and continue a social interaction
and engage in planning (Rothbart & Bates, 2006).
Effortful control
The ________ theory describes the pathways by
which adolescents tend to engage in higher frequency of risk behaviors compared
to children and adults (Steinberg, 2008). According to this theory, risk behaviors
can be explained, at least in part, to the rapid development of reward-seeking
areas of the brain (located in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex), which
mature prior to cognitive control mechanisms that promote effortful control and
self-regulation.
dual-processing
_______ aggression describes behavior targeted toward inflicting physical harm on
others, through striking, pushing, or using hostile and threatening language. _________
aggression is much more common in boys than girls, and children engaging in
overt aggression tend to use these behaviors to establish dominance over others
or to “get one’s way.”
Overt
_______ aggression is typically more likely to emerge in girls, and tends
to include behaviors focused on manipulating others or damaging their social
relationships. Research indicates that _________aggression is perceived as more
likely to be successful in female peer-to-peer interactions, and can include gossip
and spreading rumors, encouraging social exclusion of a peer, or making threats
toward others.
Relational
_________ accounts for the myriad social influences that help to shape changes in the individual over time.. It understands development as a series of continuous reciprocal interactions
between the individual and his or her context. Placing equal emphasis on
individual and environmental influences in contributing to developmental outcomes
Transactional Model
_______ attributes language acquisition to
biological mechanisms and stresses -universal patterns of language development
Nativist, Chomsky - LAD
_______ when he or she adds to the child’s
statement but retains the child’s word order- e.g., when a child says, .. Mommy bye-bye·· and
her father responds, “Yes, Mommy is going bye-bye .. ,
expansion
when he or she adds information to the child’s statement- e.g., when a child
says, .. Mommy bye-bye” and her father responds, .. Yes, Mommy is going to work now.”
extension
which refers to a child’s use of his or her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their
syntactical (grammatical) category
Semantic Bootstrapping
Using grammar knowledge to infer the meaning of new words.
Syntactic Bootstrapping
speaking involves transforming deep structure (meaning) into surface structure (grammatical sentences), while listening entails transforming surface structure into its deep structure.
transformational grammar (Chomsky)
At the other extreme is _______’s proposal that language is dependent on thought
Piaget
the structure of a language affects its speakers’ worldview or cognition, and thus people’s perceptions are relative to their spoken language.
Wharfs ( 1956) linguistic relativity hypothesis
________ that predicts that it is the
degree of match between parents’ behaviors and their child’s temperament that contributes to
the child’s outcomes. (Thomas and Chess)
goodness-of-fit model
The ability of infants to detect emotions in others is manifested as ___________,
which appears during the first few weeks of life and occurs when an infant spontaneously
cries in response to the cries or-another infant (Eisenberg, 1992).
emotional contagion
This is followed by the stage of ___________ (or morality of constraint), which
extends from about ages seven through ten. During this stage, children believe that rules are
set by authority figures and are unalterable.
heteronomous morality
Beginning at about age 11,
children enter the stage of _______ (or morality of cooperation). Children in
this stage view rules as arbitrary and as being alterable when the people who are governed by
them agree to change them. When judging an act, they focus more on the intention of the
actor than on the act’s consequences.
autonomous morality
Research on the ________ shows that the subjective perception of social
support is more critical than actual support, not only for alleviating feelings of loneliness
but also for reducing the effects of stress and the risk for coronary heart disease
buffering hypothesis
Carstensen’s (1993) _______ addresses the motivational processes that underlie changes in the quality and quantity of social relationships over the lifespan and predicts that social motives
correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited
socioemotional selectivity
theory
