Growth and Lifespan Development

Question 1

individuals incorporate new information or experiences
into an existing schema. For example, a child who has learned the word “dog” for
a four-legged animal may refer to other animals such as cats, zebras, and elephants
as “dogs.”

Answer 1

assimilation

Question 2

individuals adjust their schema to
take into account new information or experiences. Thus, a child learns to fine-tune
his “dog” schema to only include animals that are four-legged, furry, and bark

Answer 2

accommodation

Question 3

The balance of accommodation and assimilation in kids. The internal search for equilibrium is the motivation
for change and helps to explain children’s shift from one stage of thought to
the next.

Answer 3

equilibration

Question 4

reflexes that are separated from the eliciting stimulus (according to Piaget)

Answer 4

habits

Question 5

creation of an event that initially occurred by chance (according to Piaget)

Answer 5

primary circular

reactions

Question 6

This stage

is dominated by egocentric thinking and magical beliefs

Answer 6

Preoperational stage

Question 7

focusing on one aspect to the exclusion of all others.

Answer 7

Centration

Question 8

_____is the understanding
that changing the appearance of an object or substance does not change its basic
properties.

Answer 8

Conservation

Question 9

Instruction plays a major

role in cognitive development, as reflected in the concept of the _____

Answer 9

zone of proximal

development (Vygotsky)

Question 10

_____ refers to the
changing level of support an instructor provides as she adjusts to a child’s current
performance level based on his increasing skill level.

Answer 10

Scaffolding

Question 11

Dynamic Systems theory

Answer 11

Thelen

Question 12

These action-based processes include the
selection of desired goals or strategies that one chooses to pursue, optimization
of actions and abilities that can be used to achieve such goals, and compensation,
or adjustment of goals and strategies in response to losses in capacity (Baltes &
Baltes, 1990).

Answer 12

Selective Optimization with Compensation (Life Span Model).

Question 13

newborns born before
37 weeks are considered premature and are at risk of complications, including
immature lungs, respiratory distress, and digestive problems.

Answer 13

Preterm birth

Question 14

Scores above 7 indicate a healthy

baby, and below 4 indicate a baby in critical condition.

Answer 14

Apgar score (1 and 5 minutes after birth)

Question 15

__________, suggesting

that auditory input is not necessary for babbling.

Answer 15

deaf babies babble

Question 16

____ or the use of others’ emotional
expressions to interpret ambiguous events, is another important part of social and
emotional development.

Answer 16

Social referencing,

Question 17

________, a particular aspect of emotion regulation and of temperament, is the ability to withhold a dominant, reactive response
in order to execute a more adaptive response and continue a social interaction
and engage in planning (Rothbart & Bates, 2006).

Answer 17

Effortful control

Question 18

The ________ theory describes the pathways by
which adolescents tend to engage in higher frequency of risk behaviors compared
to children and adults (Steinberg, 2008). According to this theory, risk behaviors
can be explained, at least in part, to the rapid development of reward-seeking
areas of the brain (located in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex), which
mature prior to cognitive control mechanisms that promote effortful control and
self-regulation.

Answer 18

dual-processing

Question 19

_______ aggression describes behavior targeted toward inflicting physical harm on
others, through striking, pushing, or using hostile and threatening language. _________
aggression is much more common in boys than girls, and children engaging in
overt aggression tend to use these behaviors to establish dominance over others
or to “get one’s way.”

Answer 19

Overt

Question 20

_______ aggression is typically more likely to emerge in girls, and tends
to include behaviors focused on manipulating others or damaging their social
relationships. Research indicates that _________aggression is perceived as more
likely to be successful in female peer-to-peer interactions, and can include gossip
and spreading rumors, encouraging social exclusion of a peer, or making threats
toward others.

Answer 20

Relational

Question 21

_________ accounts for the myriad social influences that help to shape changes in the individual over time.. It understands development as a series of continuous reciprocal interactions
between the individual and his or her context. Placing equal emphasis on
individual and environmental influences in contributing to developmental outcomes

Answer 21

Transactional Model

Question 22

_______ attributes language acquisition to

biological mechanisms and stresses -universal patterns of language development

Answer 22

Nativist, Chomsky - LAD

Question 23

_______ when he or she adds to the child’s
statement but retains the child’s word order- e.g., when a child says, .. Mommy bye-bye·· and
her father responds, “Yes, Mommy is going bye-bye .. ,

Answer 23

expansion

Question 24

when he or she adds information to the child’s statement- e.g., when a child
says, .. Mommy bye-bye” and her father responds, .. Yes, Mommy is going to work now.”

Answer 24

extension

Question 25

which refers to a child’s use of his or her knowledge of the meaning of words to infer their
syntactical (grammatical) category

Answer 25

Semantic Bootstrapping

Question 26

Using grammar knowledge to infer the meaning of new words.

Answer 26

Syntactic Bootstrapping

Question 27

speaking involves transforming deep structure (meaning) into
surface structure (grammatical sentences), while listening entails transforming surface
structure into its deep structure.

Answer 27

transformational grammar (Chomsky)

Question 28

At the other extreme is _______’s proposal that language is dependent on thought

Answer 28

Piaget

Question 29

the structure of a language affects its speakers’ worldview or cognition, and thus people’s perceptions are relative to their spoken language.

Answer 29

Wharfs ( 1956) linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 30

________ that predicts that it is the
degree of match between parents’ behaviors and their child’s temperament that contributes to
the child’s outcomes. (Thomas and Chess)

Answer 30

goodness-of-fit model

Question 31

The ability of infants to detect emotions in others is manifested as ___________,
which appears during the first few weeks of life and occurs when an infant spontaneously
cries in response to the cries or-another infant (Eisenberg, 1992).

Answer 31

emotional contagion

Question 32

This is followed by the stage of ___________ (or morality of constraint), which
extends from about ages seven through ten. During this stage, children believe that rules are
set by authority figures and are unalterable.

Answer 32

heteronomous morality

Question 33

Beginning at about age 11,
children enter the stage of _______ (or morality of cooperation). Children in
this stage view rules as arbitrary and as being alterable when the people who are governed by
them agree to change them. When judging an act, they focus more on the intention of the
actor than on the act’s consequences.

Answer 33

autonomous morality

Question 34

Research on the ________ shows that the subjective perception of social
support is more critical than actual support, not only for alleviating feelings of loneliness
but also for reducing the effects of stress and the risk for coronary heart disease

Answer 34

buffering hypothesis

Question 35

Carstensen’s (1993) _______ addresses the motivational processes that underlie changes in the quality and quantity of social relationships over the lifespan and predicts that social motives
correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited

Answer 35

socioemotional selectivity

theory