Assessment and Diagnosis Flashcards
Level A tests may be administered and interpreted by nonpsychologists; Level B tests require “some technical knowledge of test construction and use … [and completion of] supporting psychological and educational subjects”; and Level C tests should be administered only by individuals “with at least a Master’s degree in psychology … and at least one year of supervised experience under a psychologist” (p. 622).
Three-tiers of tests and who can adminster them
the degree to which test scores are free from the effects of measurement error
reliability
derived from Vygotsky’s (1962) method for evaluating a child’s mental development and involves an interactive approach and deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures
Dynamic assessment
one type of dynamic assessment and involves providing an examinee with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback and is ordinarily done after standard administration of the test to preserve the applicability of the test’s norms.
Testing the limits
examples are graduated prompting and test-teach-retest
______ predictions are based on empirically validated relationships between test results and specific criteria and make use of a multiple regression equation or similar statistical technique.
Actuarial (statistical);
more accurate than clinical predictions alone
relies on rational, logical reasoning and involves the use of logical judgment and consideration of facts to derive the correct solution to a problem.
Convergent thinking
involves nonlogical processes and requires creativity and flexibility to derive multiple solutions.
Divergent thinking
analytical, creative, practical
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Gardner contends that everyone possesses all intelligences to some degree and that the intelligences are not static but can be developed by exposure to appropriate learning experiences.
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
Most reported heritability correlations for people in industrialized countries range from .60
to .80, which means that between 32 and 64% of variability in intelligence is due to genetics.
heritability estimate
That first born children tend to have higher IQ than later born children d/t being exposed to more adult language, attention, and tutoring their siblings.
Confluence Model
_____ is the tendency of IQ scores to change over time, and specifically, the apparent increase in intelligence in the general population evidenced by a steady increase in IQ scores.
The Flynn Effect, related to fluid intelligence
occurs when there is differential validity - i.e., when the validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups- and, as a consequence, the predictor is more accurate for one group than another.
Slope Bias
unfairness) occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ.
Intercept Bias
Kuhlmann-Anderson Test
Cognitive Abilities Test
Wonderlic Test
Group tests for schools and industry
considered more “authentic” than curiculum-based tests b/c have the child perform a skill and see it in real-time. Proposed by the Clinton Administration. A negative is it could assess past learning vs. current.
Performance based assessment
Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities
WRAT
WIAT
Tests of identifying learning disabilities
The test contains 225 items in which a statement representing one of the 15 needs is paired with a statement representing one of the other 14 needs. and the examinee chooses the statement in each pair that best describes him or her. The forced-choice format of the EPPS has two consequences: First, since items are paired in terms of social desirability, the format helps control the tendency of examinees to respond in socially desirable ways. Second, the test yields ipsatlve scores, which permit a comparison of the relative strengths of the 15 needs within an individual examinee but do not provide information about the absolute strengths of an examinee’s needs
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), personality test
was constructed on the basis of factor analysis and identified primary person traits (e.g., reserved versus warm-hearted, trusting versus suspicious). One method for interpreting the 16 PF is to compare the examinee’s profile with the profiles associated with specific groups (e.g., delinquents, neurotics, workers in various occupations). The most recent version of the test (the Fifth Edition) contains 185 multiple-choice items and provides scores on 16 primary scales.
16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
BIG 5 Personality traits: OCEAN:
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
Generally cross-cultural, though some differences.
Schmitt et al. (2007) found that levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Openness were lowest in East Asian nations, while levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were highest in African nations.
NEO Personality Inventory - 3; used factor analysis
Based on work of Jung. Introversion-Extroversion (I-E) Sensing - Intuition (S-N) Thinking-Feelings (T-F) Judging-Perceiving (J-P)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator; yields 16 personality types
ambiguous and unstructured stimuli can elicit meaningful information about a person’s personality and underlying conflicts.
Projective Hypothesis
what is the TAT based on?
Murray’s theory of needs
Used to detect the presence of brain damage in individuals 15+. Halstead Impairment Index (HII) ranges 0 - 1.0, with increasing severity as number increases.
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery
contains 2691tems grouped into 11 content scales that assess various aspects of neuropsychological functioning (e.g., motor, visual-spatial, memory, language). The raw score for each test item ranges from 0 to 2, with 0 suggesting normal functioning and 2 indicating brain injury, and item scores are summed and converted toT-scores to obtain scores for each scale. The LNNB differs from the H-R in several ways: It takes less time to administer. is more highly standardized in terms of content, administration, and scoring, and provides more complete coverage of neurological deficits and more precise identification of brain damage (Anastasi, 1988).
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Designed to measure cognitive recovery after a head injury.
Rancho Scale of Cognitive Functioning Revised
All disabled people from infancy to 21 years of age must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs.
• An Individualized Educational Program (IEP) must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in the public education system that provides education for the student in the “least restrictive environment” and that has been approved by the child’s parents.
• While reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological and educational tests may be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ tests only.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
which was brought by the plaintiffs on behalf of African American children who were overrepresented in special education classes in the San Francisco public school system. Based primarily on the testimony of experts, the judge handed down the opinion that “IQ tests are racially and culturally biased, [and] have a discriminatory impact on Black children” and that enjoined San Francisco public schools from using them to place Black children in special education classes.
Larry P vs. Riles
symptom validity tests use a forced-choice format and compare an individual’s responses to chance responding , if the individual answers less than 50% of the answers correctly (the percent expected to be answered correctly by chance alone), then the person is probably purposefully choosing wrong answers.
Malingering
Content, Location, Form quality, developmental, quality
3 categories for scoring the Rorshach.
