Travel related illness Flashcards
what puts travellers vulnerable to infection?
temptation to take risks from home
stress of travel
different epidemiological of some diseases
incomplete understanding of health hazards
refugees i.e. deprivation, malnutrition, disease, injury
give examples of climate or environment related health problems?
sunburn heat exhaustion and heat stroke fungal infections bacterial skin infections cold injury altitude sickness
what is the vector for malaria?
female anopheles mosquito
what is parasite causes malaria?
plasmodium falciparum
how is malaria diagnosed?
thick and thin blood films
rapid antigen tests
quantitive buffy coat
what is the presentation of malaria?
non speific fever rigors aching bones abdominal apin dysuria , frequency headache sore throat cough
what are the severe consequences of malaria?
cerebral encephalopathy black water fever jaundice pulmonary oedema severe anaemia algid malaria (gram negative septicaemia)
what parasitic count is indicative of severe malaria?
parasitic count > 2%
what is the treatment for severe malaria?
IV artesunate
what is the treatment for non-severe malaria?
Riamet
if not available then quinine + doxycycline or clindamycin
what organism(s) is responsible for typhoid fever?
salmonella typhi
salmonella paratyphi
how is typhoid fever contracted?
poor sanitation
unclean drinking water
how is typhoid fever diagnosed?
culture blood, urine and stool
culture bone marrow
what is the treatment for complicated and uncomplicated typhoid fever?
oral azithromycin (uncomplicated) IV ceftriaxone (complicated)
how is dengue fever transmitted?
airborne
what is responsible for the transmission of dengue fever?
aedes aegypti mosquito
what is the presentation of dengue fever?
abrupt onset fever headache, retro-orbital pain myalgia/arthralgia maculopapular rash haemorrhage signs i.e. purport, petechiae, positive tourniquet test
how is schistosomiasis transmitted?
fresh water;
fresh water snails and are released into the water as cercariae which then penetrate into humans who enter the water
what is the presentation of schistosomiasis?
swimmers itch in first few hours
inasvive stage: cough, abdo disomfort, splenomegaly, eosinophilia
katayama fever: prostrate, fever, urticaria, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, diarrhoea
acute disease: eggs deposited in bowel = dysentry or bladder = haematuria
chronic disease
how is schistosomiasis diagnosed?
clinical
antibody tests
ova in stool and urine
rectal snip
what is responsible for the transmission of rickettsiosis?
tick typhus
what is the presentation of ricketsiossis?
swinging fever headache confusion endovasculitis rash bleeding
what is the treatment for ricketssiosis?
tetracycline
what is tick typhus responsible for transmitting?
ricketssiosis
what is the incubation period of viral haemorrhage fevers?
3 weeks
what is responsible for zika?
flava virus
what is parasite is responsible for the transmission of the zika virus?
aedes mosquito
how is zika virus transmitted?
aedes mosquito bites
sexual contact
blood transfusion
what is the presentation of zika virus?
headache joint pains conjunctivitis fever rash
what tropical infections cause a rash?
dengue
ricketssiosis
typhoid
zika virus
what tropical infections can cause jaundice?
malaria
yellow fever
in what tropical infection do you find rose spots? and what causes this infection?
typhoid fever
bacterial infection - salmonella typhi or paratyphi
what tropical infection does tetracycline treat?
rickettsiosis
what is the treatment for schistosomiasis?
praziquantel
how is dengue fever diagnosed?
PCR serology clinical; - thrombocytopenia - leukopenia - increase in transaminases
