Traumatic Brain Injury and Concussion Flashcards
is there a higher incidence of TBIs in males or females?
males
there is an increased incidence of TBIs in males to females by __:___ ratio
2:1
t/f: a lower socioeconomic status is associated with a higher rate of injury
true
what is the lifetime cost for an individual with TBI?
$4 million
what is the annual cost of all TBIs in the US?
$60 billion
what are the 4 types of TBIs?
1) closed head injuries
2) severe acceleration injuries
3) blast injuries
4) open head injuries and penetrating brain injuries
what are closed head injuries?
external forces hitting the head or the head hitting an object hard enough to cause brain movt
what are the 2 subtypes of closed head injuries?
w/ or w/o skull fx
coup and contracoup
what is a coup injury?
injury at the site of impact
“impact” lesion
contusion resulting directly from the impact
on the side of the impact
what is a contracoup injury?
injuries distant from the site of impact
“rebound” lesion
surface hemmorrhage sustained on the opposite side of the brain from the impact, resulting from the deceleration forces
what does severe acceleration/deceleration of the head w/o impact result in?
axonal shear
what are open head injuries and penetrating brain injuries?
objects cause direct cellular and vascular damage; including damaging the blood supply to the brain
the severity of TBI may range from ____ to _____
mild, severe
what is a mild TBI?
a brief change in mental status or consciousness
what is a severe TBI?
an extended period of unconsciousness or memory loss after injury
what is primary injury in TBI?
brain damage from external forces that may cause brain tissue to make direct contact w/object, rapid acceleration/deceleration or blast/explosion
what are common areas of focal (primary injury) in TBIs?
anterior temporal poles
frontal poles
lateral and inferior temporal corticies
orbital frontal corticies
what is secondary injury in TBI?
cell death occuring as a result of cellular changes
the cascade of biochemical, cellular, or molecular changes
what happens as a result of brain inflammation/chemical changes
secondary processes due to hypoxemia, hypotension, ischemia, edema, and elevated ICP
how long does it take for secondary processes to progress?
hours to days
what things cause secondary processes progress over hours to days?
glutamate neurotoxicity
influx of excitatory NTs
free radical release
inflammation
t/f: the rigid structure of the skull can prevent pressure release in TBIs
true
what can cause elevated ICP?
swelling
abnormal brain fluid dynamics
hematoma (epidural, subdural, intracerebral)
what is normal ICP?
5-15 mmHg
if ICP is high enough, what may result?
emergency management like decompression