Trauma - Dislocations, Sprains and Strains, Other Injuries, Muscle Tears, Repetitive Strain Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Dislocation?

A

separation of two bones as a joint with loss of contact between articulating bone surfaces
usually, one bone is out of position whereas the other remains in place

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2
Q

Subluxation?

A

bone is only partially displaced

partial loss of contact between surfaces

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3
Q

What is the main cause of Dislocation?

A

trauma e.g fall
some cases fractures are associated with dislocations
other cases underlying cause e.g. muscular disease
rheumatoid arthritis
or other damage such as torn ligaments may predispose individual to dislocation

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4
Q

Pathophysiology Dislocation:

A

considerable soft tissue damage
inc damage to ligaments, nerves, blood vessels
bone is pulled away from joint

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5
Q

Signs and Symptoms Dislocation:

A
Severe Pain 
Swelling
Tenderness 
Bleeding 
Inflammation
Deformity and limited movement evident
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6
Q

Dx Dislocation:

A

X-Ray confirmation

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7
Q

Tx Dislocation:

A

reduction to return the dislocated bone to normal position
immobilisation during healing
therapy maintain joint mobility
healing is slow if ligament and soft tissue extensively damaged

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8
Q

Sprain?

A

tear in a ligament

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9
Q

Strain?

A

tear in a tendon

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10
Q

Tendon

A

connect muscle to bone.

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11
Q

Ligament

A

connect one bone to another.

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12
Q

When can tendons or ligaments be torn easily?

A

when excessive force is exerted on a joint

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13
Q

Avulsion

A

ligament or tendon completely separated from their bony attachment

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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms Strains and Sprains:

A
painful
tenderness 
marked swelling 
discolouration due to hematoma formation
bleeding into joint capsule delays healing 
strength and range of movement limited
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15
Q

Dx Strains and Sprains:

A

X-ray and other tests to rule out fracture and determine the extent of damage

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16
Q

Pathophysiology Strains and Sprains:

A

after tear
- inflammation
- granulation tissue develops at the site
- collagen fibres are formed, creating links with remaining tendons or ligaments, eventually healing mass is bound
approx 6 weeks before tendon/ligament is strong again

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17
Q

What will early stress on a tendon cause during the healing process?

A
reopen tear, leading to the development of excessive fibrous in the tendon = 
- less strength
- shortening 
=
decreased flexibility at joint
18
Q

What may be required to treat severe damage from strain and sprains?

19
Q

Predisposing factors for traumatic and overuse injuries:

A
  • increased participation in fitness and recreational activities
  • inappropriate or inadequate equipment/training/warm-up
  • aggressive sports
  • failure allow minor injuries to heal completely
  • minor injuries - excessive use/abuse esp joints
  • muscle tears more common
20
Q

Muscle Tear?

A

tears along the muscle itself or at the points of attachment

21
Q

Causes of muscle tears:

A
  • direct trauma

- exertion/overstressing

22
Q

First Degree (muscle tear) :

A

usually involves only a small percentage of muscle

the pain usually mild - does not result in an appreciable loss in strength of range of motion

23
Q

Second Degree (muscle tear)

A

larger tear
involves much of the muscle but stops short of being a complete tear
the pain usually severe and muscle can be partially contracted with a substantial loss of strength and range of motion

24
Q

Third Degree (muscle tear)

A

complete tear across the width of the muscle
muscle will be unable to contract
a great deal of internal bleeding
surgery may be required to repair tear for proper healing

25
Treatment - Tear:
as soon as tear occurs activity involving use muscle should stop cold should be applied to help reduce internal bleeding the compression bandage should be applied lib affected area elevated
26
What will scar tissue cause following all types of muscle tears?
reduced flexibility | reduced strength
27
What can repeated injuries result in?
fibrous scar tissue replacing normal structures, hindering mobility, as well as permanent joint damage and development of osteoarthritis
28
What can repeated tears to the knee ligament cause?
repeated tears to knee ligament appear to cause early development of osteoarthritis
29
What can shoulder pain and damage to the rotator cuff from excessive swinging motions, esp w force (golf, tennis, hockey, painting walls/ceilings) lead to?
tendinitis
30
RSI
Repetitive Starin Injury
31
What does RSI refer to?
disorders affecting muscles, tendons and nerves that develop over a period of time
32
What does the cause of RSI appear to be?
repeated forceful or precision movements associated with work and sport-related activities rapid repetition of certain movements interferes with circulation to the area and damages soft tissue with cumulative effects most injuries affect the upper body
33
Who is at higher risk of RSI?
higher stress levels age 30 to 50 years work involving repetitive; lifting, pivoting, retrieving, shelving
34
Result of RSI?
pain weakness numbness causing disability and interference with sleep
35
Examples of RSI:
tendinitis inflammatory injury of tendon and sheath compression of peripheral nerve, seen in carpal tunnel syndrome
36
What happens in carpal tunnel syndrome?
the median nerve is compressed at the wrist between tendons and the transverse carpal ligament
37
What does a Dx of RSI require?
Hx X-Rays perhaps arthroscopic examination
38
Common Tx for RSI:
``` rest cold/heat application NSAIDs physiotherapy occupational therapy - ergonomic changes surgery ```
39
Common purposes of surgery in RSIs:
repair tears remove damage replace joints
40
What can Sports Medicine Clinics provide?
``` evaluation education preventative measure assitive devices rehabilitation programmes ```