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Musculoskeletal Disorders > Bone Disorders > Flashcards

Bone Disorders Flashcards

Osteoporosis Rickets nad Osteomalacia Paget Disease(Osteitis Deformans) Osteomyelitis Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Bone Tumors

1
Q

The early stages of Osteoporosis are:

A

asymptomatic

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2
Q

How can a microorganism that causes Osteomyelitis enter the blood and reach the bones?

A

from an infection anywhere in body - spread to bones

can also occur as a result of surgery, particularly when a pin or structural insert is involved

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3
Q

What is Vitamin D required for?

A

absorption of calcium

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4
Q

Specific cause of: Lordosis

A

achondroplasia
obesity
discitis
slipping forward of the vertebrae

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5
Q

Signs and Symptoms - Osteoporosis:

A

Compressions fractures of the vertebrae have several obvious effects.

Back pain - associated with altered vertebrae = pressure on nerves

Kyphosis and scoliosis
accompanying loss of height

spontaneous fractures involving head of femur or pelvis frequent

healing of fractures is slow.

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6
Q

Treatment for abnormal curvatures of the spine:

A

medication for pain relief and inflammation
weight loss
wearing a brace
exercise and physical therapy
surgery
various nontraditional forms tx, e.hg. chiropractic, nutritional therapy, acupuncture

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7
Q

What are ther goals of Tx in Paget’s disease?

A

reduce the risk of fractures and deformity

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8
Q

What are two common causes of the three types of abnormal spine curvature?

A

Osteoporosis
Arthritis
but other causes are specific to individual spine curvature disorders, these abnormalities can develop during adolescence

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9
Q

Therapeutic measures for Osteoporosis:

A

Calcium and VitD

Fluoride Supplements - promote bone deposition

Bisphosphonates e.g. alendronate (Fopdsomax) short-term option inhibit osteoclast activity and bone resorption

Calcitonin (miacalcin nasal spray)
Injected human parathyroid hormone to decrease bone reabsorption (helpful for some individuals)

Regular weight-bearing exercise program such as walking or weight-lifting

Raloxifene (Evista) or tamoxifen, classed as a selective oestrogen receptor modulator drugs; recommended specific cases as there is less effect on uterine and breast tissue (use of oestrogen replacement therapy for osteoporosis questioned due to risk cancer)

Surgery to reduce kyphosis and realign the vertebral column

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10
Q

What other diseases can Paget’s disease cause?

A

cardiovascular disease and heart failure

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11
Q

Scoliosis

A

either S-C shaped sideways curve to the spine

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12
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Osteomyelitis:

A

as with any infection, be local and systemic manifestations

local inflammation and bone pain
fever and excessive sweating
chills
general malaise

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13
Q

What fractures are common in Paget’s disease?

A

Pathologic

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14
Q

What is Paget’s disease also known as?

A

Osteitis Deformans

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15
Q

What is secondary osteoporosis?

A

follows specific primary disorder e.g. Cushing syndrome

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16
Q

What does “Renal Rickets” refer to?

A

osteomalacia associated with severe renal disease

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17
Q

What is Osteomyelitis?

A

bone infection usually caused by bacteria and sometimes fungi

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18
Q

Specific cause of: Scoliosis

A

specific cause or most common form - unknown

however tends run in families and some general causes e.g. disease, trauma, congenital defecets beleived to be implicatd

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19
Q

What is Osteoporosis characterised by?

A

decreased bone mass, density

with loss of bone matrix and mineralisation

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20
Q

Difference between Osteomalacia and Rickets?

A

Adults - osteomalacia

Children - rickets

21
Q

What does a lack of calcification of cartilage forming at the epiphyseal plate lead to?

A

weak bones
deformities
typical “bow legs” (rickets)
the child’s height is usually below normal

22
Q

What may happen when abnormalities to the curvature of the spine occur?

A

curves misaligned or exaggerated = three main curvature disorders

23
Q

What results if Paget’s disease has affected the Skull?

A

signs of increased pressure e.g. headache, compression of cranial nerves

24
Q

Tx - Osteoporosis:

A

Usually, bone cannot be restored to normal structural levels, but therapy can retard further bone loss. In addition to treating any underlying problem, therapeutic may be used.

25
Q

What can a deficit of Vit D and phosphates required for bone mineralisation result in for children?

A

soft bones

rickets

26
Q

Kyphosis

A

‘hunchback’, ‘humpback’

abnormally rounded upper back

27
Q

Specific cause of: Kyphosis

A 
poor posture 
spina bifida 
congenital defects 
spinal tumours or infections 
Scheuermann disease
28
Q

What is Osteomalacia?

A

occurs in adults
poor absorption of Vit D or sometimes calcium causes:
soft bones
resulting in compression fractures

29
Q

What is primary osteoporosis?

A

postmenopausal, senile, idiopathic osteoporosis

30
Q

What are the two forms of Osteoporosis?

A

primary

secondary

31
Q

True or False?

In some cases is Paget’s disease asymptomatic.

A

True

32
Q

Predisposing Factors for Osteoporosis:

A

Ageing
Decreased mobility/ Sedentary lifestyle
Hormonal Factors e.g. hyperparathyroidism, Cushing syndrome, continued intake catabolic glucocorticoids e.g. prednisone
Deficits calcium, vitD, protein diet/ Hx deficits - childhood or malabsorption disorders
Cigarette smoking
Small light bone structure - asian, caucasian
excessive caffeine intake

33
Q

What Osteoporosis?

A

common metabolic bone disorder

34
Q

What is the purpose of the curves formed by the vertebrae?

A

help spine sbsorb stress of movement and action of gravity

35
Q

Pathophysiology Osteoporosis:

A

during the continuous bone remodelling process
bone resorption exceeds bone formation =
thin, fragile bones
that are subject to spontaneous fracture, esp vertebrae
although bone density and mass reduced, remaining bones are normal

osteoporosis affects the bones consisting of higher proportions of cancellous bone, e.g. vertebrae and femoral neck

36
Q

Lordosis

A

‘swayback’

spine curves significantly inward at the back

37
Q

What is seen on X-rays of those with Paget’s disease?

A

structural abnormalities

enlargement (or thickening) apparent in long bones, vertebrae, pelvis and skull

38
Q

Dx Osteoporosis:

A

bone density scans

x-rays to demonstrate bone change

39
Q

What new methods of treatment are being researched for Osteoporosis?

A

New methods to stabilise bones and prevent fractures

40
Q

At what age does bone mass generally peak?

A

young adults then gradually decline depending on genetic factors (Vit D receptors)
nutrition
weight-bearing activity
hormonal levels
calcium intake as a child and young adult - critical to the maintenance of bone mass later in life

41
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

progressive bone disease
older than 40 years
excessive bone destruction occurs with replacement of bone by fibrous and abnormal bone

42
Q

What do the conditions Rickets and Osteomalacia result from?

A

a deficit of Vit D and phosphates required for bone mineralisation

occurs with 
dietary deficits
malabsorption
prolonged intake of phenobarbital (for seizures)
lack of sun exposure
43
Q

Why is Decreased mobility/ Sedentary lifestyle a predisposing factor of Osteoporosis?

A

mechanical stress on bone by muscle activity is essential for osteoblastic activity

decreased mobility is a factor with ageing, but it can also occur if a patient is on bed rest

one limb or area of the body may be affected by osteoporosis when it is immobilised because of conditions such as a fracture

44
Q

What is the cause of Paget’s disease?

A

cause not yet est, but childhood infection with virus implicated and evidence of genetic factoprs

45
Q

What is Rickets?

A

Rickets - affects bone development in children

causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities

46
Q

What results if Paget’s disease has affected the vertebrae?

A

compression fractures

kyphosis

47
Q

Why is Age a predisposing factor of Osteoporosis?

A

osteoporosis is common in older individuals, esp postmenopausal women with estrogen deficiency
osteoblastic activity is less effective with advancing age

48
Q

Treatment of Osteomyelitis:

A

antibiotics

infection prolonged, significant damage bone - surgery remove, repair damage tissue
if insert or mechanical implant involved - surgery to remove the device

Musculoskeletal Disorders (11 decks)

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