Trauma Flashcards
Compensated Shock
Patient is developing shock but the body is still able to maintain perfusion.
Decompensated Shock
Body can no longer compensate for low blood volume or inadequate perfusion. Decreased blood pressure becomes evident.
Hemorrhagic Shock
Shock from severe blood loss
Hypoperfusion
Inability to adequately supply blood to the body’s cells.
Hypovolemic shock
Shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
Neurogenic shock
Hypo-perfusion due to nerve paralysis sometimes caused by spinal injury that increases blood vessel dilation which increases the volume of the circulatory system beyond what it can be filled
Perfusion
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the body’s cells and tissues as a result of the flow of blood thru the capillaries.
Pressure dressing
Bulky dressing held in place by a tightly wrapped Bandage
Shock
The body’s inability to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with O2 and nutrients which is a life-threatening issue. Also known as Hypoperfusion
Types of injuries
Abrasion Amputation Avulsion Contusion Laceration Puncture
Dermis
Second layer of skin, contains nerves and blood vessels. Under the epidermis layer.
Epidermis
Outer layer of the skin
Full Thickness Burn
Third degree, grey or black charred skin.
Hematoma
Swelling caused by the collection of blood under the skin or in damaged tissue as the result of trauma to a blood vessel.
Occlusive Dressing
Dressing that forms an airtight seal
Partial Thickness Burn
Burn thru the epidermis layer and partially damaging the dermis. Blistering and reddening. Second degree burn.
Rule of nines - adult
For Adults
Head and neck Each upper extremity Chest Abdomen Upper back Lower back Buttocks Front of each lower extremity Back of each lower extremity Genitals = 1
Rule of nines - child/infant
18 for the head
14 for each lower extremity
Rule of palms
Palm and fingers of patient’s hand = 1 percent
Subcutaneous Layer
Layer below the dermis that is made up of fat and soft tissue
Superficial Burn
Only involves the Epidermal layer. Redness, 1st degree
Universal Dressing
Bulky dressing
Evisceration
Intestine or internal organ protruding thru the skin
Flail chest
Two or more broken adjacent ribs in two or more places that allows free movement.
Paradoxical Movement
Movement in a direction opposite that of the rest of the body.
Pneumothorax
Air in the chest cavity
Sucking chest wound
Wound that allows air to be sucked into the chest cavity
Tension Pneumothorax
Type of Pneumothorax in which air is prevented from exiting the chest cavity.
Cardiogenic Shock
Shock brought on by inadequate pumping action.
Angulated fracture
Broken bone segments are at an angle to each other
Cartilage
Tough tissue that covers the joint ends of bones and helps to form body structures such as ears.
Comminuted fracture
Broken in several places
Compartment syndrome
Tissues such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a confined space from swelling, at tight dressing, a cast, etc
Crepitus
Grating from bone ends rubbing together
Dislocation
Coming apart of a joint
Extremities
Includes clavicle, scapula, arms, wrist, hands, pelvis, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
Green stick fracture
Incomplete fracture
Joints
Places where bones articulate
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Sprain
Stretching and tearing of ligaments
Strain
Muscle tearing or stretching
Tendons
Connect muscle to bones
Air embolism
Air in the bloodstream
Ataxic Respirations
Pattern of irregular and unpredictable breathing caused by brain injury
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls involuntary functions
Central Nervous System
Brain and spinal cord
Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation
Pattern of rapid and deep breathing caused by brain injury
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Pattern of quickening and deepening breathing followed by apnea
Concussion
Mild closed head injury without detectable damage
Contusion
Bruise to the head great enough to rupture blood vessels
Cranium
Bony structure making up the forehead, top, back and upper sides of the skull
Dermatone
Area of the skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve
Foramen Magnum
Opening at the base of the skull where where the spinal cord passes thru
Hematoma
Collection of blood within the skull or the brain
Herniation
Pushing of a portion of the brain downward toward the foramen magnum as a result of increased cranium pressure
Intracranial pressure
Pressure inside the skull
Maylar
The cheekbone, AKA the zygomatic bone
Mandible
Lower jawbone
Maxillae
Two fused upper bones of the jaw
Nasal bones
Form the upper third of the nose
Orbits
Bony area making up the eye sockets
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that enter and exit the spinal cord between the vertebrae, the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that pass between the brain and body organs without passing thru the spinal cord, and all of the body’s other sensory and motor nerves.
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage in the blood circulation of the lung caused by a blood clot or an air bubble.
Spinous process
Bony bump on a vertebrae
Temporal bone
Bone that forms part of the side of the skull and floor of the cranial cavity. Right and left temporal bones.
Temporomandibular joint
Moveable joint between the mandible and the temporal bone also called the TMJ
Central Rewarming
Application of heat to the lateral chest, neck, armpits, and groin of the hypothermic patient
Conduction
Transfer of heat from one material to another thru direct contact
Convection
Carrying away of heat by currents of air, water, or other gases or liquids.
Passive Rewarming
Passive steps to help protect the body from further cooling and help itself to rewarm.
Radiation
Sending out heat in waves into the air
Respiration
Breathing, source of heat loss
Abruptio Plancentae
Placenta separates from the uterine wall causing pre birth bleeding
Afterbirth
The placenta, membranes of the amniotic sac, portions of the umbilical cord, some tissues of the uterine lining,
Amniotic sac
“Bag of waters” that surrounds the developing fetus
Braxton-Hicks contractions
Irregular pre labor contractions of the uterus
Breech presentation
When the baby’s buttocks or both legs present first
Cephalon presentation
Baby’s head presents first. Normal birth
Cervix
Neck of the uterus, entrance to the birth canal,
Crowning
Part of the baby becomes visible in the vaginal opening
Eclampsia
A severe complication of pregnancy that produces seizures and coma
Ectopic Pregnancy
Implantation of a fertilized egg in the wall of the cervix, Fallopian tube, or the abdominopelvic wall
Embryo
Fertilization to 8 weeks
Labia
Soft tissue that protects the vagina
Litening
Sensation of the fetus moving from high in the abdomen to low in the birth canal
Limb presentation
When one of the limbs presents first before any other body part
Meconium staining
Amniotic fluid that is greenish or brownish-yellow as a result of fetal dedication. Indication of possible fetal or maternal stress during delivery.
Mons pubis
Soft tissue that covers the pubic symphysis where the hair grows
Neonate
New born to 1 month
Ovary
Produces ovum
Perineum
Surface area between the vagina and the anus
Placenta
Organ where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs
Placenta Previa
Placenta is formed in an abnormal location (low in the uterus and close to or over the cervical opening). Will not allow a normal delivery and responsible for excessive prebirth bleeding.
Preeclampsia
Woman retains large amounts of fluid and hypertension. She may experience seizures and/or coma during birth. Very dangerous to the infant.
Premature infant
Any weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds or less than 37 weeks
Prolapsed umbilical cord
Umbilical cord is presented first and squeezed between uterine wall and the infants head
Spontaneous abortion
Delivery of fetus and placenta before the 28th week of pregnancy. AKA miscarriage .
Stillborn
Born dead
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
Dizziness and a drop in blood pressure when a patient is placed in a supine position and the weight of the fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid compress the inferior vena cava reducing return of blood to the hear and cardiac output.
Umbilical cord
Structure that contains blood vessels that carry blood to and from the placenta.
Uterus
Muscular abdominal organ where the fetus develops in the womb
