Trauma 2 Flashcards
Cardiac output
The volume of blood delivered to the body in one minute.
Cardiac output equation
cardiac output = HR (beats/min) x SV (mL of blood/beat)
atelectasis
Alveolar collapse that prevents the use of that portion of the lung for ventilation and oxygenation.
cardiac tamponade
a condition in which the atria and right ventricle are collapsed by a collection of blood or other fluid within the pericardial sac, resulting in a diminished cardiac output.
commotio cordis
an event in which an often fatal cardiac dysrhythmia is produced by a sudden blow to the thoracic cavity.
Common causes are impacts from hockey pucks, baseballs, footballs, and lacrosse sticks.
crepitus
a grating sensation made when two pieces of broken bone are rubbed together or subcutaneous emphysema is palpated.
coup-contrecoup injury
a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing.
What is a likely cause of Cheyne-Stokes breathing?
brain stem insult
Beck triad
a collection of three clinical signs associated with pericardial tamponade.
- low BP
- muffled heart sounds
- JVD
parasympathetic nervouse system
rest and digest
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
What do you call a group of RBCs stuck together?
rouleaux
Basic principles of kinetics
law of inertia and law of energy conservation
Kinetic energy measures how much _____ an object in motion has.
Energy
What is the vagus nerve responsible for?
regulation of internal organ functions, such as digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate, vasomotor activity, and certain reflex actions (coughing, sneezing, etc.)
What is the Nexus criteria?
- Is there midline tenderness?
- Is there an altered LOC?
- Are there new focal neurological deficits?
- Are they intoxicated?
- Is there a major distracting injury?
Which major organs and blood vessels are located in the retroperitoneal space?
kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, middle third of the rectum, proximal ureters, renal vessels ,adrenal glands, abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, lymph nodes
What are some common signs and symptoms of a tension pneumothorax?
Absence of breath sounds on the affected side
Tachycardia
JVD
Tracheal deviation
What causes JVD?
an increased volume or increased pressure within the central venous system or thoracic cavity.
What is the most common demographic for simple/spontaneous pneumothorax?
Tall and thin adolescent males
Pulsus paradoxus
an exaggerated fall in a patient’s blood pressure during an inspiration by greater than 10mmHg.
What is MAP and why is it important in a traumatic brain injury?
MAP = mean arterial pressure
It is important because controlling the MAP reduces the risk of a secondary brain injury, which is the inflammatory response following the primary brain injury.
What are the classifications of drowning?
Wet drowning-inhaling water
Dry drowning-muscle spasms close the airway (cold water)