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PCP > Obstetrics & Neonatology > Flashcards

Obstetrics & Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

Abortion

A

expulsion of the fetus, from any cause, before the 20th week gestation.

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2
Q

Abruptio placenta

A

a premature separation of the placenta from the wall of the uterus.

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3
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

a watery fluid that provides the fetus with a weightless environment in which to develop.

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4
Q

Amniotic sac

A

the fluid-filled, bag-like membrane in which the fetus develops.

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5
Q

Antepartum

A

before delivery

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6
Q

Atresia

A

the process by which an oocyte (egg) dies

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7
Q

Blastocyst

A

the term for an oocyte once it has been fertilized and multiplies into cells.

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8
Q

Bloody show

A

a plug of mucus, sometimes mixed with blood, that is expelled from the dilating cervix and discharged from the vagina.

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9
Q

Body (context of the uterus)

A

the portion below the fundus that begins to taper and narrow.

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10
Q

Breech presentation

A

a delivery in which the buttocks comes out first.

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11
Q

Cervical canal

A

the interior of the cervix

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12
Q

Cervix

A

the narrowest portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina

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13
Q

Cholestasis

A

a common liver disease that only occurs during pregnancy, in which the flow of bile is altered resulting in acids being released into the bloodstream, causing profuse and painful itching.

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14
Q

Chronic hypertension

A

a BP that is greater than or equal to 140/90mmHg, which exists prior to pregnancy, occurs before the 20th week of pregnancy, or continually persists postpartum.

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15
Q

Complete abortion

A

expulsion of all products of conception from the uterus.

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16
Q

Corpus luteum

A

the remains of a follicle after an oocyte has been released, and which secretes progesterone.

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17
Q

Crowning

A

the appearance of the infant’s head at the vaginal opening during labour.

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18
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

an egg that attaches outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube.

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19
Q

Embryo

A

the fetus in the earliest stages after fertilization

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20
Q

Endometrium

A

the innermost layer of tissue in the uterus.

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21
Q

Episiotomy

A

an incision in the perineal skin made to prevent tearing during childbirth.

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22
Q

External os

A

the junction where the uterus opens into the vagina

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23
Q

fallopian tubes

A

the vehicles of transportation of the ova from the ovaries to the uterus; also called ovaducts

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24
Q

fetus

A

the developing, unborn infant inside the uterus

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25
Q

first stage of labour

A

the stage of labour that begins with the onset of regular labour pains-crampy abdominal pains- during which the uterus contracts and the cervix effaces

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26
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland which is important in the menstrual cycle.

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27
Q

footling breech

A

a delivery in which one or both of the feet dangle through the vaginal opening

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28
Q

fundus

A

the dome shaped top of the uterus

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29
Q

gestational diabetes

A

diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes prior

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30
Q

gestational HTN

A

high BP that develops after the 20th week of pregnancy, in women with previously normal BP, and resolves spontaneously after birth.

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31
Q

gestational period

A

the time it takes for the infant to develop in utero, normally 40 weeks

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32
Q

GnRF

A

a chemical released by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone

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33
Q

gravid

A

the number of all the pregnancies a woman has had, including those not carried to term

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34
Q

gravidity

A

a term used to refer to a uterus that contains a pregnancy, whatever the outcome.

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35
Q

Group B streptococcus

A

a bacteria that lives in the genitourinary and GI tracts of normal healthy people, but which can cause life-threatening infections in newborn babies.

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36
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin hormone

A

a hormone that sends signals to the corpus luteum that pregnancy has initiated.

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37
Q

hyperemesis gravidarum

A

a condition of persistent N/V during pregnancy

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38
Q

incomplete abortion

A

expulsion of the fetus which results in some products of conception remaining in the uterus

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39
Q

induced abortion

A

intentional expulsion of the fetus

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40
Q

inevitable abortion

A

a spontaneous abortion that cannot be prevented

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41
Q

internal mucosa

A

the inner layer of tissue in the fallopian tubes

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42
Q

labour

A

the mechanism by which the baby and placenta are expelled form the uterus

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43
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

a hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the process of ovulation

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44
Q

meconium

A

a dark green material in the amniotic fluid that can indicate disease in the newborn; meconium can be aspirated into the infant’s lungs during delivery; the baby’s first BM

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45
Q

missed abortion

A

a situation in which the fetus has died during the first 20 weeks gestation but has remained in utero

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46
Q

molar pregnancy

A

occurs at the fertilization stage in pregnancy during which a malfunction of the egg or sperm results in an abnormal placenta and a fetus with an abnormal chromosome count, or which results in an empty egg

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47
Q

multigravida

A

a woman who has had two or more pregnancies, irrespective of the outcome

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48
Q

multipara

A

a woman who has had two or more deliveries

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49
Q

muscularis

A

the middle layer of tissue int he fallopian tubes

50
Q

myometrium

A

the middle layer of tissue in the uterus

51
Q

nullipara

A

a woman who has never delivered

52
Q

oocyte

A

an egg produced from the female ovary

53
Q

para

A

the number of pregnancies a woman has carried to more than 28 weeks, regardless of whether the fetus was delivered dead or alive

54
Q

parity

A

number of live births a woman has had

55
Q

perimetrium

A

the outer layer of protective tissue in the uterus

56
Q

placenta

A

the tissue attached to the uterine wall that nourishes the fetus through the umbilical cord

57
Q

placenta previa

A

a condition in which the placenta develops over and covers the cervix

58
Q

postpartum

A

after birth

59
Q

preeclampsia

A

a condition of late pregnancy that involves gradual onset of HTN, headache, visual changes, and swelling of the hands and feet; also called pregnancy induced HTN or toxemia of pregnancy

60
Q

prenatal

A

the state of the pregnant woman before childbirth

61
Q

primigravida

A

a woman who is pregnant for the first time

62
Q

primipara

A

a woman who has had only one delivery

63
Q

progesterone

A

a hormone that influences the second phase of the menstrual cycle, when the oocyte is either fertilized or dies

64
Q

prolapsed umbilical cord

A

a situation in which the umbilical cord comes out of the vagina before the infant

65
Q

pseudocyesis

A

a false pregnancy that develops all of the typical S/S of true pregnancy, but in which no actual pregnancy exists

66
Q

Rh factor

A

a protein found on the RBC of most people
when a woman without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, the woman’s body can create antibodies against the protein and attack future pregnancies

67
Q

second stage of labour

A

the stage of labour in which the baby’s head enters the birth canal, during which contractions become more intense and frequent

68
Q

secretory stage

A

the second stage of the menstrual cycle

69
Q

septic abortion

A

a life-threatening emergency in which the uterus becomes infected following any kind of abortion

70
Q

serosa

A

the outermost layer of tissue in the fallopian tubes

71
Q

shoulder dystocia

A

a condition in which the infant becomes trapped between the symphysis pubis and sacrum because its shoulders are larger than its head

72
Q

spontaneous abortion

A

expulsion of the fetus that occurs naturally; also called miscarriage

73
Q

stratum basalis

A

a permanent mucous membrane that makes up part of the outer endometrium

74
Q

stratum functionalis

A

an inner mucous membrane that makes up part of the endometrium, and which is renewed following menstruation

75
Q

supine hypotensive syndrome

A

low BP resulting from compression of the inferior vena cava by the weight of the pregnant uterus when the mother is supine

76
Q

third stage of labour

A

the stage of labour in which the placenta is expelled

77
Q

threatened abortion

A

expulsion of the fetus that is attempting to take place but has not occurred yet; usually occurs in the first trimester

78
Q

tocolytics

A

drugs used to delay preterm labour

79
Q

transverse presentation

A

a delivery in which the fetus lies crosswise in the uterus; one hand may protrude through the vagina

80
Q

umbilical cord

A

the conduit connecting the mother to the infant via the placenta; contains two arteries and one vein

81
Q

uterine cavity

A

the interior of the body of the uterus

82
Q

uterine inversion

A

a potentially fatal complication of childbirth in which the placenta fails to detach properly and results in the uterus turning inside-out

83
Q

uterus

A

a muscular inverted pear-shaped organ, that lies situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum

84
Q

vagina

A

a tubular organ lined with mucous membranes, which is the lower portion of the birth canal.

85
Q

acrocyanosis

A

a decrease in the amount of oxygen delivered to the extremities. The hands and feet turn blue because of narrowing of small arterioles toward the end of the arms and legs.

86
Q

Apgar (appearance)

A

completely pink: 2
body pink, extremities blue: 1
centrally blue, pale: 0

87
Q

Apgar (pulse)

A

> 100: 2
<100, >0: 1
absent: 0

88
Q

Apgar (grimace)

A

cries: 2
grimaces: 1
no response: 0

89
Q

Apgar (activity)

A

active motion: 2
some flexion in the extremities: 1
limp: 0

90
Q

Apgar (respiratory)

A

strong cry: 2
slow and irregular: 1
absent: 0

91
Q

choanal atresia

A

a narrowing or blockage of the nasal airway by membranous or bony tissue; a congenital condition.
Often bilateral and because neonates are obligatory nasal breathers, it is life-threatening.

92
Q

cleft lip

A

an abnormal defect or fissure in the upper lip that failed to close during development.

93
Q

cleft palate

A

a fissure or hole in the palate that forms a communicating pathway between the mouth and nasal cavities.

94
Q

diaphragmatic hernia

A

a defect in the muscle of the diaphragm more common on the left side which results in passage of loops of bowel with or without other abdominal organs, through the diaphragm muscle into the chest cavity.

95
Q

Erb palsy

A

lack of movement in the shoulder due to nerve injury resulting from the stretching of the cervical nerve roots ( C5 and C6 most commonly) during delivery of the newborn’s head during birth. The effect is usually transient, but can be permanent.

96
Q

free-flow oxygen

A

oxygen administration via oxygen tube and a cupped hand on patient’s face

97
Q

bradycardia (newborn)

A

<100bpm

98
Q

hypoglycemia (newborn)

A

<2.6mmol

99
Q

hypotonia

A

low or poor muscle tone

100
Q

hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

A

damage to cells in the CNS from inadequate oxygen resulting in abnormal neurological examination.

101
Q

intercostal retractions

A

skin sucking in between the ribs, seen when a patient creates increased negative intrathorax pressure to breathe

102
Q

intussusception

A

an event where one part of the intestine telescopes into another part of the intestines and leads to a blockage in the intestine and potential for bowel ischemia

103
Q

Klumpke paralysis

A

an injury of childbirth affecting the spinal nerves C7, C8, and T1 of the brachial plexus.

104
Q

malrotation

A

a congenital anomaly of rotation of the midgut, the small bowel is found predominantly on the right side of the abdomen

105
Q

oligohydramnios

A

decreased volume of amniotic fluid during a pregnancy; a risk factor associated with abnormalities of the urinary tract, postmaturity (birth after a prolonged pregnancy), and intrauterine growth retardation.

106
Q

persistent pulmonary hypertension

A

delayed transition from fetal to adult circulation from high pulmonary vascular resistance.

107
Q

Pierre Robin sequence

A

a condition present at birth marked by a very small lower jaw (micrognathia). The tongue tends to fall back and downward (glossoptosis), and there is a soft cleft palate.

108
Q

polycythemia

A

abnormally high RBC count

109
Q

polyhydramnios

A

an excessive amount of amniotic fluid that can cause preterm labour. It may be associated with disorders of swallowing or intestinal blockage.

110
Q

premature

A

underdeveloped; the condition of an infant born too soon. Refers to infants delivered before 37 weeks

111
Q

primary apnea

A

apnea caused by oxygen deprivation; usually corrected with stimulation, such as drying or gently slapping the newborn’s feet.
Usually preceded by an initial period of rapid breathing.

112
Q

pulmonary hypertension

A

elevated BP in the pulmonary arteries from constriction; causes problems with blood flow to the lungs.

113
Q

retinopathy of prematurity

A

a disease of the eye that affects prematurely born infants, thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels resulting in scarring and retinal detachment; can lead to blindness in serious cases.

114
Q

secondary apnea

A

when asphyxia continues after primary apnea, infant responds with a period of gasping respirations, falling pulse rate, and falling BP

115
Q

small for gestational age

A

an infant whose weight is considerably less than 90% of infants of the same age

116
Q

What questions should you ask of a third trimester pregnant woman with vaginal bleeding?

A

when did it start?
what activity were you doing when it began?
how much blood loss?
do you have abdominal pain?

117
Q

What is the treatment for vaginal bleeding in a third trimester pregnant woman?

A 
lay her on her left side
15lpm O2 NRB
RTC
NS IV large bore 
ECG
loosely placed trauma pads over the vagina
118
Q

What is the treatment for hyperemesis gravidarium?

A 
15lpm O2 NRB
IV NS 250ml
Gravol, if indicated
check BGL
ECG
Transport
119
Q

What special considerations are there for pregnant women and their BP levels?

A

a pregnant woman may have a lot of blood loss before she shows signs of shock. Suspect shock from the MOI, not the presentation

120
Q

How do you cut the cord?

A

clamp the cord at 20 cm from the infant’s naval, and another one 5 cm further.
cut between the clamps

121
Q

How do you treat a prolapsed umbilical cord?

A

supine position with hips elevated as much as possible
100% supplemental O2 via NRB
instruct the woman to pant with each contraction, which will prevent her from bearing down
with two fingers, gently push the baby (not the cord) back up into the vagina until the presenting part no longer pushes on the cord.
while you maintain pressure on the baby, have your partner cover the presenting cord with dressings moistened with NS
Maintain that position and RTC

122
Q

what are the indications for artificial ventilation of a newborn?

A

apnea
pulse < 100bpm
persistent central cyanosis despite breathing 100% O2

PCP (10 decks)

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