COPR Flashcards
What is the constant of a D cylinder?
0.16
What is the constant of an E Cylinder?
0.28
What is the constant of an M cylinder?
1.56
What is the constant of an H cylinder?
3.14
What is a spiral fracture?
Occurs when one extremity, such as your foot, is planted while your body remains in motion.
Usually caused by a twisting force.
The break spirals around the bone.
What is an oblique fracture?
A diagonal break across the bone.
What is a green stick fracture?
An incomplete fracture.
The broken bone is not completely separated.
What is a transverse fracture?
The break is in a straight line across the bone.
What is a compression fracture?
The bone is crushedausubg the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance.
What is a comminuted fracture?
The break is in three or more pieces and fragments are present at the fracture site.
What is a segmental fracture?
The same bone is fractured in two places, so there is a ‘floating’ segment of bone.
What are ataxic respirations?
Complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea.
Caused by stroke or trauma.
What are apneustic respirations?
Deep, gasping inspiration with a pause at full inspiration followed by a brief, insufficient release.
Caused by stroke or trauma.
What are Kussmaul’s respirations?
Deep, rapid breathing pattern.
Caused by diabetic ketoacidosis.
What are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?
A gradual increase in breathing, then a decrease. The pattern is followed by a period of apnea.
What is the flow rate formula?
( Volume to be infused x set rate ) / time in minutes
=Gtts per minute
What are the s/s of DKA?
Excessive thirst ALOC frequent urination N/V Kussmaul's respirations Abdo pain Fruity breath
What are the s/s of HHNK?
Seizures
ALOC
Extreme dehydration
Hyperglycemia
What is an aneurysm?
A bulge or ballooning in a blood vessel of the brain
What are the signs and symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm
Sudden, extremely severe headache N/V Stiff neck Blurred or double vision Sensitivity to light Seizure Dropping eyelid Loss of consciousness Confusion
What is arteriosclerosis
Occurs when arteries grow thick and stiff and restrict blood flow to organs and tissues in the body.
What are the symptoms of arteriosclerosis
Chest pain or pressure Sudden arm or leg weakness or numbness Slurred speech or difficulty speaking Brief loss of vision in one eye Dropping facial muscles Pain when walking High blood pressure Kidney failure
What is deep vein thrombosis
Occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein located deep inside your body
What are the signs and symptoms of DVT?
Swelling in the affected leg. Rarely, there’s swelling in both legs.
Pain in your leg. The pain often starts in your calf and can feel like cramping or soreness.
Red or discolored skin on the leg.
A feeling of warmth in the affected leg.
What is peripheral vascular disease?
a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm.
What are the s/s of peripheral vascular disease?
Intermittent pain (claudication), which may feel like cramps, muscle fatigue or heaviness (usually in the legs)
Worsening pain during exercise (usually in the legs)
Easing of pain during rest (usually in the legs)
Coldness of the affected body part.
Numbness.
Pins and needles.
what is endocarditis?
inflammation of your heart’s inner lining, usually caused by infection
What are the s/s of endocarditis?
Aching joints and muscles Chest pain when you breathe Fatigue Flu-like symptoms, such as fever and chills Night sweats Shortness of breath Swelling in your feet, legs or abdomen A new or changed heart murmur, which is the heart sound made by blood rushing through your heart
What is myocarditis?
inflammation of the muscle of the heart.
What are the s/s of myocarditis?
SOB abnormal heart rate fainting light-headedness chest pain fatigue signs of infection
What is pericarditis?
inflammation of the outer lining of the heart
What are the signs and symptoms of pericarditis?
Chest pain is the most common sign:
- The pain usually occurs behind the breastbone or in the left side of your chest.
- It may spread to your left shoulder and neck.
- It often gets worse when you cough, lie down or take a deep breath.
- Sitting up and leaning forward makes you feel better.
What is an ST elevation infarction?
a very serious type of heart attack during which one of the heart’s major arteries (one of the arteries that supplies oxygen and nutrient-rich blood to the heart muscle) is blocked.
What are the s/s of a STEMI?
Chest pain or discomfort
Shortness of breath
Dizziness or light-headedness
Nausea or vomiting
Diaphoresis (sweatiness) unexplained by ambient temperature
Palpitations (uncomfortable awareness of the heart beat)
Anxiety or a feeling of impending doom
What is the difference between a STEMI and an NSTEMI?
an NSTEMI is typically less damaging to the heart. An NSTEMI is a partial blockage of a coronary artery, whereas a STEMI is a full blockage.
What is ischemia?
a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
What are the s/s of ischemia?
Neck or jaw pain Shoulder or arm pain A fast heartbeat Shortness of breath when you are physically active Nausea and vomiting Sweating Fatigue
What is cardiomyopathy?
diseases of the heart muscle
What are the s/s of left-sided heart failure?
primarily causes SOB
Awakening at night with shortness of breath
Shortness of breath during exercise or when lying flat
Chronic coughing or wheezing
Difficulty concentrating
Fatigue
Fluid retention causing swelling, or edema, in the ankles, legs and/or feet
Lack of appetite and nausea
Rapid or irregular heartbeat
Sudden weight gain
What is left-sided heart failure?
the left ventricle is no longer pumps enough blood around the body. As a result, blood builds up in the pulmonary veins (the blood vessels that carry blood away from the lungs)
What is right-sided heart failure?
blood backs up into the right chamber
What are the s/s of right-sided heart failure?
Similar to left-sided heart failure
primarily swelling
What is pericardial tamponade?
when fluid in the pericardium (the sac around the heart) builds up, resulting in compression of the heart.
What are the s/s of pericardial tamponade?
SOB
weakness
light-headedness
low blood pressure
What is a lethal arryhthmia?
may cause sudden cardiac death and are divided into bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias. Most of lethal arrhythmias result from structural (fibrosis and scar due to ischemia) and functional(heart failure and autonomic nerve) abnormalities of the myocardium.
What is a myocardial contusion?
a bruise of the heart muscle, which can occur with serious bodily injury. This is most commonly caused: by a car accident. by falling from heights greater than 20 feet. by receiving chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
What are the s/s of myocardial contusion?
extreme pain above the ribs.
an increased heart rate.
weakness.
excessive fatigue.
lightheadedness.
nausea.
vomiting.
shortness of breath.What is a febrile seizure?
seizures or convulsions that occur in young children and are triggered by fever. Young children between the ages of about 6 months and 5 years old are the most likely to experience febrile seizures
What are the s/s of a febrile seizure?
fever > 38.3
convulsions
what is a generalized seizure?
occurs when the abnormal electrical activity causing a seizure begins in both halves (hemispheres) of the brain at the same time.
what are the s/s of a generalized seizure?
Stiff muscles.
Loss of consciousness.
A cry or groan.
Jerking of the arms or legs.
Loss of bladder or bowel control.
Limited or even stopped breathing.
Blue lips.
Loss of muscle tone.What are partial seizures/focal seizures?
affect only one side of the brain
associated with epilepsy
what are the s/s of a partial seizure?
Muscle tightening.
Unusual head movements.
Blank stares.
Eyes moving from side to side.
Numbness.
Tingling.
Skin crawling (like ants crawling on the skin)
Hallucinations- seeing, smelling, or hearing things that are not there.What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
when a blood vessel bursts, causing bleeding in the brain. As the blood presses on brain cells, it damages them.
