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FOUNDATIONS > TRAUMA > Flashcards

TRAUMA Flashcards

1
Q

5 layers of the scalp

A
  • Skin
  • Connective tissue
  • Aponeurotic galea
  • Loose areolar tissue
  • Pericranium
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2
Q

How many bones in the skull

A

22 bones
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

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3
Q

Sutures
what are they
4 types

A

immovable joints that hold the skull together

  • Coronal (frontal and parietal)
  • Sagittal (two parietal)
  • Lambdoidal (parietal to occipital)
  • Squamous (parietal to temporal)
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4
Q

What are fontanells

A

soft spots between cranial bones

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5
Q

4 major parts of the brain

A

brain stem, diencephalon, cerebrum, cerebellum

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6
Q

brain stem parts

A
  • Continuous with spinal cord
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla
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7
Q

diencephalon

A
  • Located above the brain stem
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
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8
Q

cerebrum

A
  • Supported on top of diencephalon and brain stem
  • Surface is a thin layer of gray matter
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9
Q

BBB function, what crosses easily

A
  • Protection
  • Prevents passage of substances
  • Consists of tightly sealed blood capillaries
  • O2, CO2, ETOH and most anaesthetic agents cross easily
  • Lipid soluble or carrier mediated to cross BBB
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10
Q

Difference between BBB and normal cells

A

BBB has tight junctions

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11
Q

CSF purpose, produced where, normal volume, circulates where

A
  • Another protective mechanism
  • Carries O2, glucose and other required chemicals from blood to neurons to neuroglia
  • Removes wastes and toxic substances
  • Circulates through the subarachnoid space, around the brain and spinal cord and through the ventricles
  • Produced at the choroid plexus (each ventricle of the brain)
  • Reabsorbed through the arachnoid villi
  • Volume is 80-150ml
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12
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Continuation of spinal cord
* White matter contains sensory and motor tracts
* Several nuclei (masses of grey matter)  two major are cardiovascular centre and rhythmicity centre, touch, vibration, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, hiccupping and sneezing

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13
Q

Pons

A
  • Consists of both nuclei and tracts
  • Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another
  • Helps control breathing
  • Cranial nerve (V,VI,VII and VIII) involvement
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14
Q

midbrain

A
  • Connects pons to diencephalon
  • Contains motor neurons and conduct nerve impulses
  • Co-ordinate muscle movements
  • Cranial nerve (III and IV)
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15
Q

thalamus

A

Contributes to regulation of autonomic activities and maintenance of consciousness

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls ANS
* Controls pituitary gland and production of hormones
* Regulates emotional and behavioural patterns
* Regulates eating and drinking
* Controls body temp
* Regulates circadian rhythm and state of consciousness

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17
Q

pineal gland

A

produces melatonin

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18
Q

cerebellum

A

Consists of two hemispheres
* Surface is called the cerebella cortex (grey matter)
* White matter
Functions
* Receives sensory input
* Coordinates complex sequence of skeletal muscle contractions
* Regulates posture and balance
* Essential for skilled motor activities

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19
Q

Spinal column - hyoid bone

A
  • Does not attach to any other bone
  • Located between mandible and larynx
  • Supports the tongue
20
Q

vertebral column structure

A

The vertebral column  33 vertebrae
* 7 Cervical
* 12 thoracic
* 5 lumbar
* 5 sacral
* 4 coccyx

21
Q

Spinal cord occupies the vertebral column from which landmarks

A

C1-L2

22
Q

spinal cord ascending pathways vs descending pathways

A
  • Ascending pathways are sensory tracts
  • Descending pathways are motor tracts
23
Q

how does the motor pathway causes movement in brain and spinal cord

A

Voluntary movement originates from the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex
* Cross to opposite side of the medulla
* Descend down the corticospinal tract
* Lower motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle
* Cervical nerve fibres innervate upper extremities
* Sacral fibres innervate lower extremities

24
Q

affarent vs efferant nerves

A

aff –> towards spine
eff –> away

25
Q

spinal nerves
how many pairs and where do they innervate

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic (innervate thorax, buttocks and part of upper arm)
  • 5 lumbar (innervate groin and lower extremities)
  • 5 sacral (perianal nerves and voluntary contraction of anal and bladder sphincter)
  • 1 coccygeal
26
Q

spinal nerves posterior and anterior roots

A

posterior (dorsal)= sensory impulses
anterior (ventral) = motor impulses

27
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • First 4 cervical nerves
  • Innervate muscles of the neck
  • Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm
28
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • C5 to C8 and T1
  • Supplies motor control and sensation to upper extremities
  • Includes ulnar and radial nerves
29
Q

sacral plexus

A

sciatic nerve

30
Q

LIVER
solid or hollow
description

A

solid organ
extremely vascular - 30% of total CO
3 major roles - metabolism, secretes bile, filters and stores blood

31
Q

Spleen

A

solid organ
LUQ
blood filter and resovoir up to 200ml

32
Q

kidneys

A

found in retroperitoneal space of T12-L3
moves with inspiration and expiration

33
Q

pancreas

A

solid organ
exocrine and endocrine organ
produces fluid containing enzymes, electrolytes and bicarbonate
located behind the stomach L) side

34
Q

small bowel

A

divided into 3 sections–> duodenum, jejnum, ileum
7m long

35
Q

large bowel

A

1.2m long
4 sections, cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal

36
Q

3 major components of bones

A

matrix of collagen (35%)
mineral matrix and calcium and phosphate
bone cells

37
Q

types of bone cells
osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

A

Osteoblasts
* Present on all bone surfaces
* Synthesis and secretion of collagen and protein
* Helps with the healing process
Osteocytes
* Forms from osteoblasts trapped in the matrix
* Control of calcium release
* Continues process of remodelling
Osteoclasts
* Near bone surface
* Destroy dead bone
* Reabsorption of bone

38
Q

what is compact cortical bone

A
  • Outer parts of all bone
  • Forms shaft of long bones
  • Encloses marrow cavities
39
Q

what is the haversian system

A

about distribution of nutrients consist of canals, blood vessels, connective tissue, nerve fibres and lymphatic vessels

40
Q

which type of bones produce RBC
what about as we get older?

A

long bones
flat bones as we age

41
Q

cancellous (spongey bone)
located
contains

A

Located
* End of long bones
* Vertebrae
* Flat bones
Organised in lattice system
Contains
* Haversian canals
* Red blood cells (RBC production)
* Converted to yellow bone marrow

42
Q

classification of bones

A

Long
short - tarsals
flat- skull
irregular - verterbrae

43
Q

define compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure within a restricted space

44
Q

what is fat embolism syndrome

A
  • Results from  long bone fractures, intramedullary manipulation, blunt trauma
  • Fat emboli escapes and enters venous circulation
  • Defined as a triad of hypoxia, petechia and neurological impairment
  • Sx present within 12-60 hours
  • Major petechial rash, respiratory and cardiac symptoms, neurological changes
  • Minor SIRS
45
Q

what is occult haemorrhage

A
  • Non traumatic, more associated with chronic health conditions
  • Often sub clinical  no obvious major external haemorrhage, nil major symptoms or diagnostic signs
  • Can present with other s/s such as SOB secondary to anaemia, lethargy
  • Consider anticoagulation effects
  • Days rather than minutes
46
Q

haemostatic response to bleeding
3 stages

A

vasoconstriction -platelet activation and coagulation cascade

47
Q

shock index equation

A

=HR/SBP
once you have a HR above SBP you should be concerned
anything above 0.9 = bad

FOUNDATIONS (16 decks)

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