Trauma Flashcards
1
Q
What is a Trauma?
A
Injuries caused by a physical force on the body.
2
Q
What is Mechanism of Injury?
A
MOI, how the physical force was enacted to the PT
3
Q
What is Kinetic Energy?
A
The amount of energy caused by movement. (PT falls off of a roof)
4
Q
What is Potential Energy?
A
The amount of energy that could be caused. (PT is sitting on the roof)
5
Q
What is Blunt Trauma?
A
Force without penetrating soft tissues. (Blunt Object, PT collides with solid object)
6
Q
What is Penetrating Trauma?
A
Force with positive penetration of the soft tissues. (Stabbing, Shooting, Impalement)
7
Q
What is an MVA?
A
Motor Vehicle Accident
8
Q
What are the 3 Phases of Impact in MVA?
A
1: Vehicle to Object
2: PT to Vehicle Interior
3: Organs Against Body Structure
9
Q
What are significant MOI events in MVA?
A
Death of anyone in the vehicle
High intrusion/damage to the vehicle
Ejection
Severe MVA types.
10
Q
What are MVA types?
A
Frontal Impact
Rear Impact
Rotational
Lateral
Rollover
11
Q
What is a severe fall?
A
Fall over 3x the PT height.
12
Q
What are the main concerns with falls?
A
How high was it
What did the PT land on
What body part hit first.
13
Q
What are the 4 phases of blast injury?
A
1: Blast itself (Primary)
2: Debris striking PT (Secondary)
3: PT collides with surface (Tertiary)
4: Injuries sustained (Quaternary)
14
Q
What is a Level 1 Trauma Center?
A
Hospital with the highest level of trauma care.
15
Q
What are the trademarks of a Level 1 Trauma center?
A
Treat any level of trauma
24 hr. surgery
On call specialist
High level education
Innovative research.
16
Q
What is a Hemorrhage?
A
Any type of Bleeding.
17
Q
What is the blood volume in adults?
A
Men: 70ml p/kg of weight
Women: 65ml p/kg of weight
18
Q
What is the highest blood loss you can tolerate?
A
20%
19
Q
What are the 2 types of bleeds?
A
External / Internal
20
Q
What are the 3 types of external bleeds?
A
Arterial, Venous, Capillary
21
Q
What is Arterial bleeding?
A
Bright red, spurting in synch with pulse, hardest to clot.
22
Q
What is Venous bleeding?
A
Darker red, flowing, easier to clot
23
Q
What is Capillary bleeding?
A
Dark red, oozing, easy to clot
24
Q
What are the 3 stages of an external bleed?
A
1: Injury occurs
2: Vasoconstriction
3: Clotting
25
What is an Internal bleed?
Bleed under the skin.
26
What is a Contusion?
Bleeding beneath the skin, a bruise.
27
What is a major contributor to internal bleeds?
Fractures
28
What are the signs of internal bleeding?
Tachycardia, Dizziness, Weak Capillary Refill, Hypotension, AMS
29
What is Hematuria?
Blood in Urine
30
What is Hemoptysis?
Blood in Vomit
31
How do you treat a bleed?
1: Apply pressure
2: Tourniquet if applicable
3: Apply Hemostatic Agent
4: Apply bandages
32
How do you apply a Tourniquet?
1: Place 2-3 in above injury
2: Tighten
3: Turn dial until bleeding stops, no pulse distal. 4: Lock in dial, mark time.
33
What is a Hemostatic agent?
A "quick clot" dressing with a chemical compound that promotes clotting.
34
What is Epistaxis?
Nose Bleed
35
What can cause Epistaxis?
Trauma
Sinus infection
Cocaine use
Cancer
Hypertension
Cranial fracture
36
How do you treat Epistaxis?
1: Have PT sit
2: Lean forward
3: Apply pressure, pinch nostrils
4: Apply Ice pack
37
What are the 2 types of Soft Tissue injuries?
Open, Closed
38
What is a Closed tissue injury?
Blunt force trauma, no break in the skin.
39
What is an Open tissue injury?
There is a break in the skin exposing deeper tissues.
40
What is Ecchymosis?
"Black and Blue" disscoloration
41
What is a Hematoma?
When a blood vessel is damaged and bleeds into the surrounding tissues.
42
What is a Crush injury?
When a large force is resting on the body.
43
What is Crush Syndrome?
When a PT is trapped for longer than 4 hrs., Arterial blood flow is compromised, body releases harmful substances into the blood.
44
How do you treat Crush syndrome?
1: Apply IV
2: Apply shock pads
3: Extricate
45
What is Compartment Syndrome?
Increased pressure in a compartment of soft tissue due to edema.
46
What is an Abrasion?
Injury to the skin caused by friction.
47
What is a Laceration?
A rough, jagged cut.
48
What is an Incision?
A sharp, smooth cut.
49
What is an Avulsion?
A separation of the layers of tissue.
50
What is an amputation?
The complete severing of an extremity.
51
How do you treat a CLOSED injury?
1: Rest
2: Ice
3: Compression
4: Elevate
5: Splint
(RICES)
52
How do you treat an OPEN injury?
1: Direct pressure with dressing/bandage
2: Tourniquet/Hemostatic Agent
53
What is an Evisceration?
When an organ is protruding out of the body.
54
How do you treat an Evisceration?
1: DO NOT move/touch organs
2: Cover with moist sterile gauze
3: Cover with occlusive dressing
4: Secure with tape
55
How do you treat an impaled object?
Stabilize, DO NOT remove unless blocking the airway.
56
How do you treat a bite?
Apply a dry/sterile bandage.
57
How many degrees of burns are there?
3
58
What is a 1st degree burn?
Superficial damage
59
What is a 2nd degree burn?
Partial thickness burn, burns into the soft tissue, MOST painful type.
60
What is a 3rd degree burn?
Full thickness burn, can damage bone/tendon, destroys nerve endings.
61
What are the 4 types of burns?
Thermal (Heat)
Electrical (Electrical current)
Chemical (Acids/Alkali)
Radiation (Iodizing/Non Iodizing)
62
What is the Rule of Palms?
The amount of area that the PT's palm covers is 1% of their body.
63
What is the Rule of 9's?
The measurement used to determine burn percentage of the body.
64
What is a MINOR burn?
Adult: 15% or less Child: 10% or less
65
What is a MODERATE burn?
(2nd degree) Adult: 15% - 25% Child: 10%-20% (3rd degree) over 10%
66
What is a MAJOR burn?
What types are considered major?
Adult: Above 25% Child: Above 20%, Chemical/Inhalation/High Voltage
67
How do you treat a burn?
Dry/Sterile dressing
68
How do you treat head injuries?
What if brain is exposed?
Wrap head in roller gauze.
Apply a moist, sterile dressing.
69
How do you treat chemical's in the eyes?
Flush with saline/water then apply dressing.
70
What is Subcutaneous Emphysema?
What is a sign?
Air trapped in the soft tissue, has a crackling sensation.
71
What are the 2 major blood vessels in the neck?
Carotid Artery, Jugular Vein
72
What is an Air Embolism?
Why is this life threatening?
When air enters a vein, it can travel to the heart.
73
What is Cardiac Tamponade?
When the Pericardial sac fills with blood restricting the heart from pumping.
74
What is the Pericardial Sac?
Membrane surrounding the heart.
75
What causes Cardiac Tamponade?
A tear in the heart wall, penetrating trauma.
76
What are the 3 signs of Beck's Triad?
JVD
Hypotension
Muffled Heart Sounds
77
What is Commotio Cordis?
Latin for commotion of the heart.
78
What causes Commotio Cordis?
What can this lead to?
Direct blunt force trauma to the heart, can lead to sudden death and Ventricular Fibrillation.
79
What are the 2 main signs of rib fractures?
High pain level, rapid/shallow breaths.
80
What is Crepitus
The sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together.
81
How do you treat rib fractures?
1: Give O2
2: Stabilize
3: Pain medication
82
What is a Flail Chest?
Mutiple rib fractures broken in multiple places.
83
What are signs of Flail Chest?
Severe pain, rapid shallow breaths, tachycardia, paradoxical chest movement.
84
What is Paradoxical Chest movement?
Alternating chest movements during reparations.
85
What is Pneumothorax?
What elevates it to Tension Pneumothorax?
"Collapsed Lung", air ills the chest cavity preventing the lung from inflating, Pressure is put on the heart preventing it from pumping.
86
What are signs of Tension Pneumothorax?
Unilateral diminished lung sounds
Hypotension
JVD
Difficulty breathing
Sharp chest pain.
87
What is the cause of Pneumothorax?
Penetrating trauma to the chest.
88
How do you treat Pneumothorax?
1: Apply O2
2: 3 sided bandage
3: Decompress
89
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
Right Upper/Lower, Left Upper/Lower
90
What is in the Right Upper Quadrant?
Liver, Gallbladder, Diaphragm
91
What is in the Right Lower Quadrant?
Appendix, Large Intestine, Ovaries
92
What is in the Left Upper Quadrant?
Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Diaphragm
93
What is in the Left Lower Quadrant?
Sigmoid Colon, Ovaries
94
What is in the Retroperitoneal?
Kidneys
95
What is Cullen's sign?
What does it indicate?
Contusions around the navel, Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis.
96
What is Grey Turner's sign?
What does it indicate?
Contusions on the flanks, Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis.
97
What is Peritonitis?
Inflammation of the abdomen due to fluids.
98
What is Kehr's sign?
What is the cause?
Pain in the left shoulder, bleeding from a ruptured spleen.
99
What are the 4 main causes of Orthopedic injuries?
Direct force, indirect force, twisting force, high energy MOI
100
What is a closed fracture?
What is an open fracture?
No external signs of injury, external signs of injury.
101
What is a Non Displaced fracture?
What is a Displaced fracture?
No signs of deformity, obvious signs of deformity.
102
What is a Dislocation?
Disruption of a joint and the bone ends no longer meet.
103
What happens when a dislocation reduces?
The bones return to their correct position either naturally or by force.
104
What is a Sprain?
The joint is twisted or stretched beyond normal range.
105
What is a Strain?
Stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons.
106
What are the 3 levels of Orthopedic injuries?
Minor, Moderate, Severe
107
What is a MINOR orthopedic injury?
Minor sprains/strains, fractured finger/toes.
108
What is a MODERATE orthopedic injury?
Long bone fracture that is nondisplaced.
109
What is a SEVERE orthopedic injury?
Displaced/Open fractures, amputation, bilateral fractures.
110
What are the 4 types of splints?
Rigid, Formable, Traction, Hip Binder
111
What are the 4 main causes of Spinal injury?
MVA, Falls, Assault, Sports
112
How many Vertebra are in the spine?
33 (7,12,5,5,4)
113
What are the 5 sections of the spine?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
114
What does CERVICAL vertebra effect?
Head/Neck, Diaphragm, Shoulder/Arms
115
What does THORACIC vertebra effect?
Chest/Abdominal muscles
116
What does the LUMBAR vertebra effect?
Legs
117
What does SACRAL vertebra effect?
Bowel/Bladder/Sexual
118
What does the COCCYGEAL effect?
Nothing, its just the tailbone
119
What is Axial loading?
Force applied to the top of the head, causes compression injury to the spine.
120
What is Subluxation?
Hyperflexion/Hyperextension of the C-Spine
121
What is Distraction?
Injury caused by hanging
122
What is Hyperflexion?
What is Hyperextension?
C-Spine is pushed forward, "whiplash"
123
What is Babinski's sign?
How do you apply?
Feild test for spinal cord injury, run a pointed object laterally from heel to the big toe.
124
What is Positive v Negative Babinski's?
Pos: Toes fan out Neg: Toes curl in
125
What is Spinal shock?
Temporary state of flaccid/paralysis that can last up to 24 hrs. after trauma.
126
What is Neurogenic shock?
Caused by damage to the spinal cord.
127
What are signs of neurogenic shock?
Hypotension, bradycardia, overall vasodilation.
128
What is Thermoregulation?
Maintaining of body temperature.
129
How is body temperature regulated?
Regulated by the brain's thermoregulatory center located in the Hypothalamus.
130
What are central thermoreceptors?
Neurons sensitive to temperature change that can effect vasculature tone, sweating, metabolism.
131
What are peripheral thermoreceptors?
Nerve endings in the skin and mucus membranes with hot and cold receptors.
132
What is hyperthermia?
Bodies core temperature is above normal.
133
What are the 3 phases of hyperthermia?
Cramps, exhaustion, stroke.
134
What are heat cramps?
What are the signs?
Cramps that effect the most tired muscles due to loss of water/soduim, sweaty/tachycardia/cramps.
135
What is heat exhaustion?
What are the signs?
More severe heat illness, dizziness/nausea vomiting/body temp up to 103/syncope
136
What is heat stroke?
What are the signs?
Most severe heat illness and damage begins to occur to the body, body temp 105 or higher/body begins to shut down/syncope/AMS
137
What are the 2 types of heat stroke?
Classic (young/old), Exertional (athletes)
138
How do you treat hyperthermia?
1: Move PT to cool environment/Apply ice packs 2: Replace fluids
3: Check BGL
4: EKG
139
What is Hypothermia?
Body temperature is below normal.
140
What is MILD hypothermia?
What are the signs?
How do you treat?
Body temp is 93 - 95, PT will be lethargic/dulled, move PT to warm environment/remove wet clothing/give dry clothing.
141
What is MODERATE hypothermia?
What are the signs?
How do you treat?
Body temp is 86 - 93, AMS/PT looses ability to shiver, same as mild but DO NOT let PT exert any physical strain.
142
What is SEVERE hypothermia?
What are the signs?
How do you treat?
Body temp is below 86, LOC/simulated rigor, same as mild/moderate/move PT gently/CPR, defibrillation.
143
What are the 2 types of drowning PT's?
NON/Exhausted swimmers, Medical emergency while swimming.
144
What are the 5 steps of a drowning?
Submersion/Panic, Struggle/Laryngospasm, Aspiration/Hypoxia/Death
145
What is Laryngospasm?
Involuntary contraction of the vocal chords.
146
What is Aspirations?
Reflexes to expel fluids/solids in the lungs.
147
What is hypoxia?
Low O2 levels in body tissue.
148
What is the Mammalian Diving Reflex?
Causes you to involuntary hold breath to protect organs. "Cold water shock"
149
How do you treat drowning?
1: Secure the airway
2: Supply O2
3: Keep PT warm
4: Remove wet clothing
5: Dry PT/give dry clothes, blanket.
