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Life Science 4 > Transposable Elements > Flashcards

Transposable Elements Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA sequences that can move within the genome

A

transposable genetic elements

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2
Q

enzyme-driven process that moves transposable elements

A

transposition

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3
Q

transposition is a – event that has a biological basis

A

mutational

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4
Q

transposition typically create mutations by inserting themselves into wild-type alleles

A

insertional inactivation

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5
Q

genetic element that was located at the site of chromosome breakage

A

dissociation (Ds) element

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6
Q

chromosome breakage at Ds was activated by an unlinked genetic element,

A

activator (Ac) element

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7
Q

the transposable element (central region) itself is flanked by

A

terminal inverted repeats

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8
Q

the inserted transposable element is bracketed by

A

flanking direct repeats

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9
Q

Flanking direct sequence is generated by – as part of the insertion event

A

DNA polymerase activity

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10
Q

transpose through an RNA intermediate

A

retrotransposons (class I)

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11
Q

transpose as DNA sequences

A

DNA transposons (class II)

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12
Q

T/F: all DNA transposons carry the transposase gene that produces the transposase enzyme required for the movement of the transposon

A

true

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13
Q

retrotransposons are composed of – but they are transcribed into RNA before transposition, and the RNA transcript is then copied back into DNA by reverse transcriptase

A

DNA

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14
Q

the – is then inserted into a new location, where flanking direct repeats are formed

A

reverse-transcribed DNA

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15
Q

T/F: retrotransposons are found in bacteria

A

false

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16
Q

always generate new copies of themselves for transposition

A

retrotransposons

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17
Q

T/F: DNA transposons found in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells

A

true

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18
Q

bacterial transposition = – transposition only

A

DNA

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19
Q

transposon has terminal inverted repeats surrounding the transposase gene with no other genes present

A

simple transposons

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20
Q

simple transposons in bacteria are identified as

A

insertional sequences

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21
Q

contain two insertion sequences and one or more additional genes

A

composite transposons

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22
Q

copy and paste = increase in number

A

replicative transposition

23
Q

cut and paste = same number

A

nonreplicative transposition

24
Q

retrotransposon transposition mechanism

A

replicative transposition

25
Q

DNA transposition mechanism

A

replicative or nonreplicative transposition

26
Q

simple DNA sequences that contain only the genetic info necessary for their own transposition

A

insertion sequences

27
Q

transposition of an IS element → formation

A

FDR

28
Q

transposition of IS element can produce mutation by inserting IS element into a

A

gene or regulatory sequence

29
Q

IS regions are potential sites of – between bacterial chromosomes and plasmids forming Hfr chromosomes

A

recombination

30
Q

IS elements promote recombination that can lead to –

A

gene transfer

31
Q

T/F: all identified transposable elements in archaeal genomes are IS type

A

true

32
Q

example of composite transposon

A

Tn10

33
Q

bacterial composite transposons (Tn) are composed of two copies of an –, each flanked by its TIR sequences, and one or more additional genes

A

IS element

34
Q

T/F: Tn are longer than IS elements

A

true

35
Q

additional genes in Tn elements are variable and are contained in the – that flanked by 2 IS elements

A

central region

36
Q

example of Noncomposite transposons

A

Tn3

37
Q

do not contain insertion sequences but do carry additional genes

A

noncomposite transposons

38
Q

noncomposite transposons transpose similar to –

A

composite transposons

39
Q

½ of human genome =

A

transposable elements

40
Q

Ac/Ds elements and P element =

A

DNA transposons

41
Q

more commonly eukaryotic transposable elements such as the human genome =

A

retrotransposons

42
Q

combination of sterility, high mutation rate, and a propensity chromosomal aberrations and nondisjunction

A

hybrid dysgenesis

43
Q

retrotransposons encode reverse transcriptase (–) to catalyze transposition

A

pol

44
Q

retrotransposons contain pol and gag but not –

A

env

45
Q

gene(s) carried by retrotransposons are flanked by – that may be up to several 100s bp

A

long terminal repeats (LTRs)

46
Q

examples of retrotransposons

A

Ty elements in yeast
copia elements of Drosophila
LINE and SINE elements of humans

47
Q

All of the following are characteristics of insertion sequences elements except _______.

  • they are flanked by inverted repeats
  • they encode protein
  • there can be more than one copy of an IS element in a bacterial genome
  • a copy of the insertion sequence becomes integrated at a new location
A

a copy of the insertion sequence becomes integrated at a new location
(The insertion sequence itself, not a copy, is excised from its original location and transferred to a new one.)

48
Q

IS elements contain the gene encoding –

A

transposase

49
Q

The role of transposase activity in IS element transposition includes _______.

A

cutting DNA at the target sequence

transposes makes staggered cuts at the site targeted for insertion

50
Q

Which of the following transposition events is most likely to result in a loss of function mutation?

  • Transposition of an IS element that contains a stop codon within the inverted repeat sequence
  • Insertion near the promoter region of a gene
  • Insertion of an IS element within the coding region of a gene
A

Insertion of an IS element within the coding region of a gene (Insertions of DNA elements within coding regions have the greatest potential for altering amino acid sequence and/or causing truncation of a polypeptide due to frameshift.)

51
Q

What sequences or structures within the DNA can be used to identify sites of transposition?

  • target site duplication and direct repeats
  • target site inversion and direct repeats
  • chromosome translocation and insertion of transposase gene
  • target site duplication and short tandem repeats
  • inverted loops
A

target site duplication and direct repeats

52
Q

What evidence suggests that copia elements of fruit flies and Ty elements of yeast are related to RNA-containing viruses?

  • They all contain gag genes.
  • They all contain pol genes.
  • They all have long terminal repeats at their ends.
  • They are present in the form of RNA sequences in cells.
  • They use reverse transcription for insertion into host chromosomes.
  • They all cause mutation by insertion.
  • They all contain env genes.
A
  • They all contain gag genes.
  • They all contain pol genes.
  • They all have long terminal repeats at their ends.
  • They use reverse transcription for insertion into host chromosomes.
53
Q

Which of the following statements about an R factor is false?

  • Encodes multiple drug resistant genes.
  • Encodes genes that induce lysis of the bacterial cell.
  • Can be propagated horizontally through a bacterial population.
  • Encodes the genes required for conjugation.
A
  • Encodes genes that induce lysis of the bacterial cell.

Life Science 4 (11 decks)

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