Lecture 22 Flashcards
To avoid multiple copies being inserted, – are used
P elements
Replace – gene with gene of interest
transposase
Provide transposase on a –
second plasmid
Use – to identify transgenic flies
eye color marker
Inject both plasmids into region of embryo that forms –
germ cells
AquAdvantage salmon are triploid female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Triploidy render salmon –
sterile
In order to knock-out a gene, must have – at site of endogenous gene
homologous recombination
In yeast this is the most common event when transforming with linear DNA
knock-outs
All other organisms (except yeast, bacteria, and fungi) favor – recombination and form concatamers of insert
illegitimate
Mouse Knockouts are done using – cells
embryonic stem
ES cells are isolated from the –, which is the part of a blastocyst that forms the embryo.
inner cell mass (ICM)
Once isolated, ES cells can be grown on – for several generations (but not forever).
dishes
During the first four cleavages, all embryonic cells are –
totipotent
Two embryos can be put together to make a – mouse
chimeric
For transformed mouse cells to survive, they must acquire the positive marker and must –
lose the negative marker
Transgenic plants are usually made with the help of –, a bacterium that causes crown gall disease
Agrobacterium
Naturally found – move from the bacterium into the plant cell by a mechanism similar to conjugation
Ti plasmids
A region of the plasmid, –, is a transposable element that inserts randomly into the genome, but leaves behind all enzymes required for its future movement
T DNA
T/F: Normally tumor production enzymes are moved with the T DNA
true
Recombinant Ti plasmids remove the tumor production enzymes and insert genes of interest between the –
ends of the T DNA
using agrobacterium requires – plasmids
2
transgenic plants usage: – at random with T-DNAs containing selectable markers
Disrupt genes (knockouts)
common usage of transgenic plants: – new or modified transgenes
introduce
another use of transgenic plants is to introduce – genes into plants
fusion
One of the most common alterations of domesticated crops: –
polyploidy
- Treat seeds with mutagen
- Plant
- Select new characteristics
random mutagenesis
- Crossing plants
- Select new characteristics
selective breeding
T/F: random mutagenesis and selective breeding are GMOs
false
Any plant or animal whose genome has been modified by genetic engineering
Genetically modified organism
T/F: All transgenic, knock-out and gene replacements are considered genetic engineering
true
T/F: Because of anti-GMO movement golden rice has never come to market
true
Of all GMO -- soybeans 23% corn 11% cotton 6% canola
60%
An agrobacterium resistant to glyphosate was isolated led to – usage of this herbicide which kills all other plants and bacteria
heavy
BT-crops – spraying
decreases
Bt proteins have high – for insects – unlike broad spectrum insecticides
specificity
– crops or interspersing crops that use other insecticidal proteins would prevent resistant insects from becoming a problem.
Alternating
