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Life Science 4 > Horizontal Gene Transfer > Flashcards

Horizontal Gene Transfer Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacterial gene transfer by –requires physical contact between cells of the two strains.

A

conjugation

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2
Q

the process is controlled by genes of extrachromosomal elements

A

conjugation

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3
Q

the process requires genetic information for transfer which is found in the F plasmid DNA of the donor cell

A

conjugation

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4
Q

the process is characterized by infection of the donor cell by a bacteriophage

A

transduction

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5
Q

DNA enters the “recipient” cell via DNA transporters

A

transformation

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6
Q

DNA is released after the “donor” cell lyses

A

transformation

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7
Q

transforming elements absorb across the cell membrane

A

transformation

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8
Q

It is the transfer of DNA between organisms by a manner independent of asexual or sexual reproduction.

A

horizontal gene transfer

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9
Q

LGT has converted some benign bacteria into – that cause disease.

A

pathogens

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10
Q

LGT provides for the – of complex traits

A

rapid evolution

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11
Q

– contributes to antibiotic resistance in many bacterial species.

A

LGT

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12
Q

LGT allows an organism to instantly acquire whole segments of chromosomes containing –.

A

multiple, functionally related genes

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13
Q

LGT provides for rapid – evolution

A

genome

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14
Q
  1. Drug resistance can evolve rapidly through lateral gene transfer and physicians look to the CDC for warnings and recommendations for treatments in order to best serve their patients.
  2. Drug resistance can be transmitted through horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes to humans and the CDC must remain vigilant to decrease the spread of antibiotic resistance among species.
  3. Drug resistance can evolve rapidly through horizontal gene transfer that stimulates the evolution of pathogens and the CDC tries to prevent the rise of new bacterial species.
A
  1. Drug resistance can evolve rapidly through lateral gene transfer and physicians look to the CDC for warnings and recommendations for treatments in order to best serve their patients.
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15
Q

What are the short-term implications of these frequent changes for physicians and clinics that treat sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and for individuals infected with gonorrhea?

  • Physicians carefully monitor progress to recovery in their patients.
  • Physicians report the occurrence of new, drug-resistant strains to the CDC.
  • Physicians give partial antibiotic treatment to patients to develop antibiotic resistant strains for further studies.
  • Physicians give up-to-date treatments to their patients.
A
  • Physicians carefully monitor progress to recovery in their patients.
  • Physicians report the occurrence of new, drug-resistant strains to the CDC.
  • Physicians give up-to-date treatments to their patients.
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16
Q

What are the long-term implications of these frequent changes in treatment recommendations for the patient population?
Select the five correct answers.
- Physicians constantly change recommendations for adequate treatment.
- Physicians provide continued resources for the CDC.
- Physicians limit the horizontal gene transfer.
- Physicians promote the development and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
- Physicians provide continued resources for research institutions to study bacterial antibiotic resistance.
- Physicians study the mechanisms and consequences of lateral gene transfer and its role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
- The government supports the funding of basic research.

A
  • Physicians constantly change recommendations for adequate treatment.
  • Physicians provide continued resources for the CDC.
  • Physicians provide continued resources for research institutions to study bacterial antibiotic resistance.
  • Physicians study the mechanisms and consequences of lateral gene transfer and its role in the evolution of antibiotic resistance.
  • The goverment supports the funding of basic research.
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17
Q

To integrate an F plasmid’s genes into a host chromosome, there must be DNA recombination at homologous regions on the two circular strands. What is the minimum number of such crossover events needed for integration?

A

1

18
Q

– require a supplement to grow

A

auxotrophs

19
Q

will grow in the presence or absence of the supplement

A

prototrophs

20
Q

Once conjugation begins, the Hfr strain starts transferring the integrated – and a copy of the Hfr chromosome attached to it

A

F plasmid

21
Q

The appearance of prototrophic colonies in an interrupted conjugation experiment indicates that a wild-type locus (from the Hfr donor) has entered the recipient cell and – into its genome.

A

recombined

22
Q

– is a technique that allows the same bacterial colonies to be plated onto different media.

A

Replica plating

23
Q

least frequent exconjugant genotype has the – crossovers

A

most

24
Q

During conjugation, cells gain genes in the order they occur in the donor cell chromosome. Genes that are – the origin of transfer will be transferred first.

A

near

25
Q

TThe distance between genes on the gene map is measured in – because the distance between genes is measured by the time it takes for the gene to be transferred from the host cell into the recipient cell. This distance can be determined by looking at the first appearance of each phenotype on the graph.

A

minutes

26
Q

What role does the blender play in the experiment? shears the sex pili of

A

conjugants

27
Q

To map genes of a bacterial strain, conjugation must be interrupted at given times. Suppose you have Hfr cells of genotype a+b+c+d+e+strR and F= cells of genotype a-b-c-d-e-strS and you combine these two cultures in liquid medium in four blenders at time 0. After intervals of 3, 6, 9, and 12 minutes, you turn on successive blenders.
The resulting cultures were then plated on medium containing streptomycin. Why? to eliminate –

A

non-conjugated F- cells

28
Q

Conjugation between an Hfr cell and an F− cell does not usually result in conversion of exconjugants to the donor state. Occasionally however, the result of this conjugation is two Hfr cells. Transfer of the – of the Hfr cell and recombination of the entire F plasmid DNA sequence into the recipient chromosome could convert an F− cell into an Hfr cell.

A

entire chromosome

29
Q

only – involves the transfer of DNA from an Hfr cell to an F- cell

A

conjugation

30
Q

T/F: conjugation, transduction, and transformation can be used to map the order of genes on a bacterial chromosome

A

true

31
Q

T/F: Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistance by a variety of methods, including random mutation and genetic transfer by transformation, transduction, or conjugation.

A

true

32
Q

A – cotransduction frequency indicates that two loci are close together and thus more likely to move as a unit to the recipient cell

A

large

33
Q

Bacteriophages bind the bacteria host cell and inject their DNA into the host cell. The phage then –, which prevents its degradation.

A

circularizes

34
Q

In the – cycle, new bacteriophages are made and the host cell is lysed.

A

lytic

35
Q

In the – cycle, the phage DNA integrates into the host cell chromosome, and the phage DNA is replicated with the bacterial cell DNA as the cell divides.

A

lysogenic

36
Q

In which cycle is phage DNA transcribed and translated to make new phage particles (phage DNA is packaged into phage heads)?

A

lytic

37
Q

During transduction, fragments of bacterial DNA are – packaged into the phage head.

A

randomly

38
Q

During transduction, phages package fragments of bacterial DNA into new –. This bacterial DNA can be transferred to another bacteria cell during the next phage infection.

A

phage heads

39
Q

In generalized transduction, a phage introduces a segment of donor DNA into the recipient cell. This is followed by recombination of the donor fragment with the recipient chromosome. Then, a – of crossovers between the donor segment and the recipient

A

pair (or even number)

40
Q

a population – if its genotype frequencies differ from those predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg principle.

A

may be evolving

41
Q

assuming random mating, each gamete’s chance of carrying an allele equals –

A

that allele frequency

42
Q

square root method can only be used when the population is in – and the two alleles in question exhibit a dominant and recessive relationship.

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Life Science 4 (11 decks)

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