transportation Flashcards
biggest energy user vehicle type
light duty vehicles - sixty percent
energy type used most in transportation
oil by a huge 90 percent
small amount is biofuel, natural gas, and electricity
which transportation type uses the most electricity instead of oil - about fifty percent?
rails
oil is aviation ships and vehicles
what is the largest source of GHG emissions
transportation
list at least 5 negative externalities of transportation
- noise pollution
- smog and smelly
- local air pollution
- traffic accidents
- traffic congestion
- looks ugly and tears down local environments and landscapes
-runoff into lakes and rivers - oil dependence creates unstable economy
- costs a lot of money
- worsens climate change issues
local air pollution emissions are what
- smog
- carbon monoxide
- hydrocarbons, VOCs
- particulates
VMT
vehicle miles traveled
mpg
miles per gallon
policy solution to local air pollution
tax the oil sold based on the location where it is going to likely be burned
potential policy solutions to transportation externalities
HOV lanes: high occupancy vehicle lanes
time of day highway charges - peak pricing
cordon congestion - tolls
public transport subsidies for congested areas
potential policy solution for traffic accidents
target VMT - death ratio
Parry et al 2007 summary
argues that high fuel taxes are not best option for emissions
electronic road pricing offers only hope of addressing relentless urban gridlock
tailpipe emissions reduce best with vehicle emission standards
taxing all oil products is more cost effective than taxing gasoline alone
fuel tax escalators could be effective
impact of gas tax on ghg emissions
a small impact because gas is an inelastic product
the impact depends on the elasticity
predicted that a 10 cent tax would offset half a year of growth in total US emissions
CAFE standards
corporate average fuel economy
1975 legislation after OPEC embargo
a compliance for manufacturers for how far a vehicle must be able to travel on a gallon of fuel
allowed gas footprint decreases overtime
