Transport in Plants and Animals Flashcards
Why do phloem have seiv plates?
Allows sugar to move from one cell to the next
What gives red blood cells their large surface area
Their bioconcave shape
What lets red blood cells carry oxygen around the body
Haemoglobin
What can stem cells be used for
To grow replacement organs
Repair damaged heart tissue
Grow new skin cells for a skin graft
Sensory neurons
Carry electrical impulses from sense organs to the CNS
Inter neurons
Carry eletrical impulses front sensory neurons to motor neuron- only found in the CNS
Motor neurons
Carry electrical impulses from CNS to mucle or gland (effector)
Synapses
A synaps occurs between neurons
What is pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
Parts of a flower are
The stigma Anther Petal Filament Sepal Ovule Style
What are the stages of mitosis
Chromosomes are replicating
Chromosomes shorten and thicken
Chromosomes line up at the equator and spindle fibers attach at the centromere
Chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Nucleus reforms in each new daughter cell and cytoplasm divides
What does the cerebrum do
Concious thought memory and reasoning
What does the cerebellum do
Balance and muscular co-ordination
What does the medulla do
Controls heart and breathing rate
Genotype
Set of genes possessed by an organism
Phenotype
The physical appearance of an organism
Heterozygous
Possesing two different forms of genes
Homozygous
Possessing two identical forms of the gene
Dominant
Characteristics which are always expressed
Recessive
Characteristics which are masked by the dominant one
What does the xylem do
Absorb water from the roots and transport it to the leaves
What does lignin do
Keep the xylem vessels open and streanthen the plant
Arteries
Have thick elastic muscular walls to withstand the high pressure of the blood traveling away from the heart
Alveolus
Are for gass exchange, they have a large surface area and a thin lining. They are next to a good blood supply and moist
Transpiration
Leaves lose water constantly through stoma pores It can be effected by Wind speed Temperature Humidity Light intensity
Stomata
Their function is to allow CO2 to enter the leaf for photosynthesis. They only need to be open during the day. The gaurd cells swell to open and shrink to close
Veins
Veins are under less pressure than arteries so have much thinner walls. To keep blood moving to the heart they use valves to prevent backflow
Capillaries
Are where materials are exchanged between blood and tissues. They’re only one cell thick and allow diffusion to happen quickly and easily
What is the purpose of root hairs
Increases the surface area for maximum water uptake
Phloem
Transports glucose throughout the plant
Stomata
Tiny pores in the epidermis of the leaf. They can open and close and are controlled by guard cells. They allow gas exchange but also water loss
Transpiration
Loss of water through leaves. Mainly evaporates through the stomata
What can affect the rate of transpiration is effected by
Humidity, temperature, and surface area
Red blood cells carry
Oxygen, they have no nucleus
Why are red blood cells specialised?
Have a biconcave shape for an increased surface area
Where is haemoglobin found
Red blood cells
White blood cells…..
Are part of the immune system and destroy microorganisms called pathogens
Phagocytes…
Provide general protection against pathogens. Destroy them by phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is…
When the foreign particle is engulfed and then digested by enzymes
Lymphocytes
Produce proteins called antibodies which destroy pathogens
Antibodies are specific to a particular pathogen
They bind to pathogens which causes the pathogen to become inactive
The three types of blood vessels are
Arteries, capillaries and veins
How does blood flow
It circulates from the heart to the arteries to the capillaries to the veins and back to the heart
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
Thick muscular wall
Narrow central channel
Carry blood at h
Veins
Carry blood to the heart
Thin muscular wall
Wider central channel with valves
Carry blood at low pressure
Capillaries
Form networks at tissue and organs
Thin walls one cell thick
Microscopic cavity
Large surface area allows for efficient gas exchange with blood cells
What is the heart made up of
Four chambers , two upper arteries and two lower ventricles
Vena cara
Caries deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
Aorta
Carries oxygenated blood from heart to all body parts
Aveola
Absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide through the thin walls from the capillaries
Small intestine
Nutrients from food are absorbed into the villi in the small intestine
Villi
The large number of thin walled villi provides a large surface area for absorption of materials
Villi contain a network of capillaries to absorb glucose and amino acids and a lacteal to absorb fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fats are broken down into
Proteins are broken down into
Amino acids
Pathway of air in the lungs
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, Alveoli
Pathway of blood through the heart
Vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle. Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta
