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Biology > Cell Biology pt2 > Flashcards

Cell Biology pt2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Cell membrane…

A

Controls entry and exit of materials

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2
Q

Cell wall

A

Gives shape and support to the cell and stops it bursting due to osmosis

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3
Q

Chloroplast…

A

Are the site of photo synthesis

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4
Q

The Vacuole…

A

Stores water and minerals to help support the cell and when full it pushes outwards towards the cell wall. To help provide support

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5
Q

The mitochondria…

A

Are the site of aerobic respiration

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6
Q

The ribosomes…

A

Are the site of protein synthesis

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7
Q

The plasmid….

A

Are small circular pieces of DNA that controls characteristics which help bacteria adapt to their environments e.g antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bacteria swap characteristics with each other by swapping plasmids

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Protein and phospholipid molecules

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9
Q

Some proteins are responsible for…

A

The active transport of molecules

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10
Q

Active transport is…

A

The movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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11
Q

Active transport requires…

A

Energy

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12
Q

And example of active transport

A

is the sodium potassium pump where nerve cells need to pump sodium out and potassium out

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13
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Chromosomes are replicating
Chromosomes shorten and thicken so they are now visible
Chromosomes line up at the equator and spindle fibres attach at the centromere
Chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite sides of the cell
Nucleus forms in new daughter cells and cytoplasm divides

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14
Q

Diffusion is…

A

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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15
Q

What kind of transport is diffusion

A

Passive

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16
Q

Passive transport is…

A

The movement of molecules down a concentration gradient. It does not require energy

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17
Q

What is the structure of DNA

A

A double helix

18
Q

What is DNA made of

A

2 sugar phosphate back bones and pairs of complementary bases

19
Q

DNA carries…

A

The genetic code to make proteins

20
Q

What is the code that makes proteins

A

The order of the bases in DNA

21
Q

What are the bases

A

Adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

22
Q

The sequence of bases determines…

A

The order of amino acids which make protein

23
Q

What are enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

24
Q

Enzymes do what?

A

Speed up chemical reactions in the body while remaining themselves unchanged

25
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

By binding the substrate they are going to work on and holding it in the active site

26
Q

What is mRNA

A

messenger RNA carries a complimentary copy of DNA to the ribosomes

27
Q

Why are proteins different shapes?

A

Because of the order of amino acids that make them up

28
Q

Structural proteins

A

Keratin- makes nails and hair

Collagen- makes skin elastic

29
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream

30
Q

Antibodies

A

Y shaped molecules that bind to foreign cells allowing our immune system to destroy them

31
Q

Why are enzymes specific

A

The active site must have a complimentary shape to the substrate if they are going to fit together

32
Q

At low temperatures enzymes…

A

Are moving around slowly so don’t work very often

33
Q

As temperatures increases enzyme….

A

Active increases to until it gets two hot and the enzyme is denatured

34
Q

An enzyme being denatured is

A

When it gets too hot and the shape of the enzyme changes meaning it no longer works on the substrate

35
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis

A

1: light reactions
2: carbon fixation

36
Q

Another thing enzymes are sensitive to is…

A

PH

37
Q

What is an optimum PH/temperatur

A

The PH/temperature at which an enzyme works best

38
Q

What happens in stage 1 of photosynthesis

A

Light energy is trapped in the chlorophyll in chloroplasts
The light energy is used to split qater into oxygen and hydrogen and make ATP
the ATP and hydrogen are used in stage 2 but oxygen diffuses out of the cell

39
Q

Carbon fixation is when…

A

Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are joined together to make glucose

Enzymes are essential for this

40
Q

Glucose is used for

A

it can be stored as starch or used to make cellulose in cell walls Or Respiration

41
Q

Fermentation occurs…

A

When no oxygen is present

42
Q

Fermentation in plants looks like…

A

Glucose–>pyruvate—>ethanol + Co2
\
\
ATP

Biology (15 decks)

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