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OIB U1 > Transport in plants > Flashcards

Transport in plants Flashcards

1
Q

How does transport occur in small organism of aquatic plants?

A

Movement of water circulates materials past the body of these plants/algae.

Diffusion of substances in/out of the body as in algae etc.
Large SA:Vol ratio allows this to occur.

No internal transport system.

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2
Q

How does transport occur in large organisms of aquatic plants?

A

If flattened in shape they have no need for internal transport system.
Diffusion of materials in/out will occur.

A high SA:Vol ratio due to flattened, thin shape.

More complex plants (such as sea grasses) have an internal transport system of xylem and phloem.

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3
Q

How does transport occur in small organisms of terrestrial plants?

A

Live in moist environments or are able to become metabolically active at times when the environment is moist.

Diffusion of substances in/out of the body e.g. mosses and other bryophytes.

No internal transport system.

Large SA:Vol ratio.

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4
Q

How does transport occur in large organisms of terrestrial plants?

A

Internal transport system
Xylem and phloem – series of tube like structures that transport water, sugars and salts around the plant from the roots to the leaves.
Angiosperms or flowering plants.

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5
Q

Describe the process of transport in large organisms of terrestrial plants. (Xylem and phloem)

A

The transport of water into the leaf takes place in the xylem.
This evaporates through the stomata.
As water molecules leave the stomata more is drawn up to replace it – a process called transpiration.
Phloem takes away sugars made by the leaf to supply other parts of the plant.

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6
Q

What are 7 structures of a cross section stem?

A

Epidermis

Cork

Phloem

Vascular bundle

Cambium

Pith

Xylem vessels

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7
Q

What is a vascular bundle in a stem?

A

Vascular bundle = Xylem + Phloem +Cambium

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8
Q

What does xylem do in the stem?

A

Xylem carries water and minerals upwards from the roots.

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9
Q

What does phloem do in the stem?

A

Phloem carries mainly sucrose down from the leaves.

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10
Q

What does Cambium do in the stem?

A

Cambium is meristematic tissue that actively divides to form new xylem and phloem cells, making the stem thicker and stronger and increasing transport capacity.

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11
Q

What do the cortex and pith to in the stem?

A

Cortex and Pith are simple parenchyma (packing) cells. They store food and let air circulate.

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12
Q

What does the epidermis do in the stem?

A

Epidermis is the protective skin of the stem.

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13
Q

What does the epidermal hairs do in the roots?

A

Epidermis with root hairs, absorbs water and nutrients from the soil. Water enters via osmosis and dissolved ions move in by diffusion and active transport.

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14
Q

What does the cortex do in the roots?

A

Cortex is made of simple parenchyma cells, stores food and lets air circulate.

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15
Q

What does the Endodermis do in the roots?

A

Endodermis is the innermost layer of the cortex and controls substances passing into the vascular tissue.

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16
Q

What does the Xylem do in the roots?

A

Xylem takes water from the surrounding cells and conducts it upwards.

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17
Q

What does the Phloem do in the roots?

A

Phloem passes sucrose made in the leaves on to the root cells.

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18
Q

What are the 6 structures in a root cross section?

A

Epidermis

Endodermis

Cortex

Phloem

Xylem

Epidermal hair

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19
Q

What does the Xylem?

A

Water carrying ‘pipes’ of the plant.
Formed from the empty remains of dead cells.
The end walls of the cells wither away and water passes from one cell to another.
Walls are coated with a woody substance called lignin, which helps support the stem. Lignin is laid down in various patterns.

20
Q

What is the Transpiration stream?

A

Water flows through a plant in an unbroken stream from the roots up to the leaves.

The transpiration stream supplies cells with water and minerals from the soil.

Plants can control the rate of transpiration.

21
Q

What are the 2 things that cause the transpiration stream?

A

Root pressure

Transpiration

22
Q

How does Root pressure cause the transpiration stream?

A

Water from the soil enters the roots by osmosis. This steady inward flow generates a pressure, called root pressure. This pressure can push water a short way up the stem

23
Q

How does Transpiration cause the transpiration stream?

A

Transpiration- as the leaf cells lose water by evaporation into the air, more water is drawn out of the xylem vessels to replace it, by osmosis to replace it.
So, a continuous stream of water is drawn through the plant.

24
Q

What are 4 factors increasing transpiration?

A

Light – opens stomata;
Heat – causes water to evaporate from the stomata;
Wind – can increase evaporation of water from the stomata;
Dry air (low humidity) – allows water to evaporate from the stomata more quickly.

25
Q

What are the three types of living cells in Phloem?

A

Parenchyma cells
Sieve tube cells
Companion cells

26
Q

What are Parenchyma cells in Phloem?

A

unspecialised tissue

27
Q

What are sieve tube cells in Phloem?

A

arranged end to end in long chains. These cells do not possess a nucleus. The end walls are perforated to form a sieve plate.

28
Q

What are companion cells in Phloem?

A

possess nuclei and are believed to control the activities of the phloem tissue.

29
Q

What is transport in plants?

A

Organic substances such as sugars and amino acids need to be transported to all parts of the plant.
Autotrophic plants need materials for growth and repair.

30
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the transport of these types of materials. This is a rapid process which often requires energy.

This process allows materials (sugars in solution) to be transported in all directions in the plant.

31
Q

What is retranslocation?

A

Retranslocation is when materials that are moved from storage areas in the plant e.g. starch granules and storage in roots, to other areas in the plant such as growing regions which require them.

32
Q

Give an example of translocation. where sucrose is transported by the phloem to where it is needed or to be stored (the sink) (7 steps)

A
  1. Sucrose is actively pumped from the photosynthetic cells into the sieve cells.
  2. This movement is against the concentration gradient. ( i.e. from low concentration to high concentration).
  3. Energy for this process is supplied by the companion cells.
  4. Sucrose moves into the phloem
  5. It draws water from the xylem into the phloem by osmosis.
  6. Sucrose sap is then transported to where it is needed.
  7. Sucrose leaves the sieve cells to be used by the plant for cellular respiration. Water also leaves the sieve cells as well.
33
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Made of…

A

Xylem: Dead cells

Phloem: Living cells

34
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Cell wall thickness

A

Xylem: Thick

Phloem: Thin

35
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Cell wall material

A

Xylem: Lignin (rigid)

Phloem Cellulose

36
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Permeability

A

Xylem: Impermeable

Phloem: Permeable

37
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Cytoplasm?

A

Xylem: None

Phloem: Cytoplasm lining

38
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Transports…

A

Xylem: Water and minerals

Phloem: Food

39
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Carried to…

A

Xylem: Leaves

Phloem: Growing parts and storage organs

40
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Direction of flow

A

Xylem: Upwards

Phloem: Up and down

41
Q

Differences of Xylem and Phloem: Tissue also has

A

Xylem: Fibres

Phloem: Companion cells

42
Q

What happens if the stem is damaged?

A

If the phloem is damaged then sugar will not be able to transported to parts below this cut and because of this the plant will slowly die as no sugar is being supplied to them.

43
Q

What is cohesion and adhesion during transpiration through the xylem?

A

Water molecules stick together and form a column (Cohesion).

Water molecules also stick to the inside of the xylem (Adhesion).

44
Q

What are the three things that occur in translocation?

A

Photosynthetic cells manufacture sugars as glucose (the source/leaf cells)

Glucose is converted to sucrose

Sucrose is transported by the phloem to where it is needed or to be stored (the sink/root cell)

45
Q

Give three examples of translocation

A

Growing shoots and roots use sucrose for metabolism, growth and repair

Storage sites such as stems and root storage organs convert sucrose to starch, where it is kept for future use

When sucrose is needed the starch from the sink is converted to sucrose and is then moved via the phloem to where it’s required

OIB U1 (17 decks)

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