Transport In Animals Flashcards
How does size affect the means in which nutrients and wastes can be transported to/from cells?
As some organisms are small enough to use simple diffusion to transport wastes and nutrients, due to their large SA:Vol ratio
Other larger multicellular organisms have more complicated transport systems to carry out their task due to their small SA: Vol ratio
What are the three size different that have different means in which nutrients and wastes can be transported to/from cells?
Very small/flattened animals
Small organisms
Large and/or metabolically more active organisms
What is transport?
The movement of nutrients and O2 into the cells and movement of wastes and CO2 out of cells to be expelled from the body.
What do organism require through transport to survive?
Organisms require means of supplying nutrients such as glucose and gases such as oxygen to survive and removing wastes such as CO2 and wastes from each of their cells
What are considered very small/flattened animals?
These can be animals such as single celled
paramecium and amoeba or very flattened
organisms such as flatworms/planarians and
jellyfish.
What habitat do small flattened animals live in?
Aquatic or high moisture
How do flattened animals maximise the transport of gases in and out?
The environment circulates materials past cells, sometimes organisms can create a current that brings materials past its body.
How does transport occur in small/thin/flattened animals?
Due to being small/thin/flattened these animals have a have large SA:Vol ratio and therefore substances can readily diffuse in/out of their bodies.
What are characteristics do small/flatten animals?
No heart, no blood vessel and no blood.
Limited by the requirement of high moisture content in their environment.
What is considered a small organisms?
Insects and snails
What habitat to do small organisms live in?
Aquatic and terrestrial
Do small organisms have open or closed systems?
Open circulatory systems
What is an open circulatory system?
Fluids move slowly at low pressure, it doesn’t contain cells and is not involved in the transport of gases. The heart pumps the blood like fluid into large spaces.the fluid bathes the cells supplying them with nutrients and then it re enters the heart.
What is does an open circulatory system do in small organisms?
Fluids circulate in the transport system are not fully enclosed in blood vessel. One or more muscular hearts pump body fluids to maintain circulation
What are closed circulatory systems?
No free floating blood bathing the body organs
What is considered as a large and/or metabolically active organisms?
Earthworms, fish, reptiles and mammals
And can live in aquatic or terrestrial environments
How do closed circulatory systems work in large animals?
Closed circulation as blood is enclosed in the heart and blood vessels. Blood and fluids flows through a system of blood vessels and is pumped by the heart under pressure.
What does blood do?
Capacity to carry nutrients, gases and waste products.
What does the heart of a large animal do?
Pumps blood
How many chambers do mammals and birds have for their heart? Do they have double or single circulation?
4 chambers and double circulation
How many chambers do amphibians have in their hearts? Do they have double or single circulation?
3 chambers (left atrium, right atrium and single ventricle)
Double circulation
How many chambers do fish have in their hearts? Do they have double or single circulation?
2 chambers (atrium and ventricle)
Single circulation
What are the 3 parts of the circulatory system?
Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
What are the 2 things blood is made up of?
Plasma
Cells
What is plasma in cells?
a watery fluid which dissolves and
transports oxygen, carbon dioxide and other wastes; glucose; amino acids and other nutrients and minerals.
What are the 3 types of cells in the blood?
(solids)
such as red blood cells for oxygen transport
white blood cells for fighting pathogens/infection
platelets (cell fragments of cytoplasm) for blood clot formation.
What are the three types of blood vessels/
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
What are arteries?
They carry blood away from the heart, containing oxygenated blood at a high pressure.
They have thick, elastic and muscular walls.
What are arterioles?
Small arteries leading into capillary beds
What are veins?
Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart at a low pressure.
Contain valves in walls to direct blood flow, walls are thin and contain less muscle
What are venules?
Small veins leading out of capillary beds
What are capillaries?
Large S.A for rapid exchange of materials between blood and cells.
Carbon dioxide and wastes move from cells into the capillaries.
Water continuously moves in/out of cells into the capillaries.
Walls one cell thick
Describe the process of how O2 moves through the blood vessels
High O2 and low CO2 from the lungs, go into the arteries move to the arterioles to the capillary network with is in contact with cells, there the cells remove O2/nutrients from capillaries and place CO2/wastes into the capillaries. This then goes into the venule then going to the vein, where O2 is low and CO2 is high. The veins then go to the heart to release the wastes.
What does the heart do?
Acts as a pump which facilitates a double circulation
Simply describe the structure of a heart
It is separated into two halves, right and left sides
Each half has two chambers, an atria and ventricle
Overall 4 chambers
How does the heart facilitate a double circulation?
As Right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs, blood returns to the left side of the heart and is then pumped around the rest of the body
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pump blood to the lungs
What does the left side of the heart do?
Blood returns to the left side of the heart and is then pumped around the rest of the body.
What is the atria in a mammal and bird heart?
Top chamber which received blood from the lungs (left side) or body (right side)
What is the ventricle in a mammal and bird heart?
bottom chamber which receives blood from the atria above it. The ventricle then pushes blood out of the heart under high pressure. The left ventricle wall is thicker than the right wall as it pumps blood further around the body
What do valves do in a mammal and bird heart?
Between the atria and ventricles, direct the blood to flow in one direction only. Valves are also in the walls of the main arteries leaving the heart.
Describe the process of blood flow through the heart of mammals (deoxygenated process)
Deoxygenated blood enters the RIGHT ATRIUM via the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVAE.
The RIGHT ATRIA contracts and empties blood into the RIGHT VENTRICLE.
The RIGHT VENTRICLE contracts and pushes blood out of the heart via the PULMONARY ARTERY.
Blood travels to the lungs to become OXYGENATED.
Describe the process of blood flow through the heart of mammals (oxygenated process)
At the same time;
OXYGENATED blood is returning to the heart via the PULMONARY VEINS to the LEFT ATRIUM.
Blood moves from the LEFT ATRIUM into the LEFT VENTRICLE.
The LEFT VENTRICLE contracts and pushes blood out into the AORTA. Blood is the taken to the body tissues.
Body tissues remove oxygen and nutrients.
How does the single circulation work in fish hearts?
Deoxygenated blood enters the ATRIUM and then passes directly into the VENTRICLE. The ventricle pumps the blood to the gills. In the gills carbon dioxide diffuses out and oxygen diffuses in. Blood leaves the body tissues to the re enter the heart.
Single circulation as the blood travels through the heart only once in each cycle.
How does double circulation occur in amphibians?
Blood enters the heart and enters the Right Atrium deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs via the ventricle. Blood is oxygenated and returns to the heart via the Left Atrium. Blood travels to the ventricle and then is pumped to the body to supply cells with nutrients and oxygen.
Describe the process of the lymphatic system.
Blood pressure forces some fluid as well as small protein molecules out of the capillaries at the arterial end
Most of this water and small proteins return back into the capillaries at the venous end.
Small amounts of this fluid remain in the spaces between the cells.
This fluid is collected into lymphatic capillaries.
What are 4 functions of the lymphatic system?
Transport clean fluids back to the blood
Drains excess fluids from tissue
Removes ‘debris’ from cells of body
Transports fats from digestive system
What are 7 main parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Tissue fluid
Venous
Arterial
What are 4 principles of the circulatory system?
Transportation of water, oxygen and CO2
Distribution of nutrients and removal of wastes
Maintenance of body temp
Circulation of hormones
