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OIB U1 > Gas exchange in animals > Flashcards

Gas exchange in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

The process by which gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) are exchanged between the cells of an organism and the environment, through diffusion into a gas exchange surface.

Oxygen is gained (reactant in cellular respiration) and carbon dioxide (product) is removed from the body

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2
Q

Why do gases need to be exchanged through diffusion?

A

Gases are needed for energy to be released in cells by cellular respiration

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3
Q

What are considered Microscopic/small organisms?

A 
Bacteria (single celled)
Protists e.g. algae
Fungi e.g. moulds, mushrooms
Non vascular plants e.g. moss
Simple animals e.g. amoeba and other single celled animals, jellyfish etc.
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4
Q

What are 3 adaptations of microscopic/small organisms?

A

Gain or lose gases (CO2, O2 and water vapour) across their body surfaces (membrane).

Have thin, flattened bodies

Large SA:Vol ratio to allow diffusion to occur rapidly.

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5
Q

What are the 5 factors that make gas exchange through a gas exchange membrane the most efficient?

A

Thin

Moist

Good blood supply in animals

Large surface area

Large difference in concentration across the membrane

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6
Q

Why do animals need to exchange gas with the environment?

A

Animals need oxygen and must get rid of carbon dioxide if they are to function normally.

Different groups of animals have evolved different ways of exchanging these gases efficiently with the external environment.

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7
Q

What are 3 adaptations of animals that live in aquatic/moisture content environments that exchange across the whole body surface? And examples of organisms

A

Small animals only

Large SA:Vol ratio

Body shapes are long and/or thin.

Examples include: earthworms, flatworms, jellyfish.

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8
Q

What are the 2 different ways animals can either exchange gas in Aquatic/High Moisture content environments?

A

Exchange across the whole body surface

Exchange across external gills

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9
Q

What are examples of animals that exchange gas through external gills?

A

Examples include: salamanders and some marine worms.

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10
Q

What is a 2 disadvantage of gas exchange through external gills?

A

Gills can readily be damaged due to their delicate structure.

water must constantly circulate over the gills, which requires a lot of energy to move the highly branched organs through the water

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11
Q

What condition is need for gas exchange to occur in internal gills?

A

Water passing over the gills must be actively moved to maintain a concentration gradient.

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12
Q

How are internal gills protected?

A

Gills are protected from damage by being housed inside the animal.

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13
Q

What are some examples of animals that exchange through internal gills?

A

Fish

Shark

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14
Q

What are two ways terrestrial animals can either exchange gas with the environment?

A

Exchange at the end of fine tubes through out the body.

Exchange across internal lungs

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15
Q

What are some examples of animals that exchange at the end of fine tubes throughout their bodies?

A

Insects

Grass hopper

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16
Q

How does gas exchange occur at the end of fine tubes throughout the body of a terrestrial animal?

A

Air comes through spiracles and diffuses through a tubular network and may be actively moved through the tubes by movement across the abdomen.

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17
Q

How does gas exchange occur across internal lungs?

A

Gases must be actively moved in and out of the lungs.

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18
Q

What are some examples of animals that exchange across internal lungs?

A

Frogs, humans, lizards, birds and mammals

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19
Q

Why can diffusion of gas exchange occur in small animals and not larger animals?

A

In small animals the SA : Vol ratio is large enough for diffusion across the general body surface.

Larger animals, especially active animals, in which the SA: Vol ratio is too small, diffusion across the body surface is insufficient for the animals needs.

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20
Q

Due to larger animals being unable to diffuse gas through their body surface, what have they adapted?

A

Specialised respiratory surfaces have developed.
These specialised respiratory surfaces consist of numerous flattened surfaces, sacs or tubes with a large surface area for gas exchange.
Also it is inside their bodies to prevent dehydration of the gas exchange surfaces.

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21
Q

Why does the surface across which gas exchange need to be moist?

A

as gases dissolve in water and so diffusion occurs easier from one side of the membrane to the other

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22
Q

Why does the surface across which gas exchange occurs need to be thin and permeable?

A

so the gas molecules can move across it easily and quickly

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23
Q

Why does the surface across which gas exchange occurs need to have a large S.A in relation to volume of organism?

A

So as to adequately provide the gaseous requirement

24
Q

Why does the surface across which gas exchange occurs need to have a greater concentration of required gas on one side of the membrane than the other?

A

So that a concentration gradient is maintained

25
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs in insects.

A

Air enters the spiracle (small holes in abdomen) allowing oxygen to travel along a network of tubes called trachae to reach the cells in the insects body

26
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs in frogs.

A

When the jaw is raised the pressure of the air inside the mouth cavity increases, air moves from the mouth cavity (high pressure) to the lungs (low pressure).

27
Q

What makes gills a sufficient gas exchange surface?

A

Thin filaments with large S.A

Dense capillary network

Rich blood supply to transport carbon dioxide to and oxygen away from the gills.

28
Q

What is the general process of gas exchange through internal gills?

A

In most fish, water is taken in through the mouth and pumped across the gill and out through the operculum (bony fish) or the gill flaps (cartilaginous fish)

29
Q

Why are lungs the most efficient form of gas exchange for terrestrial animals? (5)

A

Moist surface from the alveoli endothelial tissues, they also increase the internal surface area

gas exchange occurs inside the body so water loss is reduced

mammals, birds and reptiles have muscles which efficiently pump air in and out across the oust membranes of the alveoli

an efficient circulatory system is also present to transport oxygen through out the body and return CO2 to the lungs for excretion.

30
Q

What is 1 similarity between lungs and gills?

A

Both have a large moist surface area and dense capillary network

31
Q

What are 2 differences between lungs and gills due to the characteristics of air and water?

A

Support

Flow of water/air

32
Q

Why do lungs and gills differ due to support?

A

Gills are not self supporting, they are bouyed up by water and will collapse out of water, thus they no longer function.

While lungs have air passages (trachae and bronchi) of lungs support the opening with rings of cartilage

33
Q

Why lungs and gills differ due to the flow of water/air?

A

Fish have a flow of ventilation, water only travels in one direction, in through the mouth and out over the gills, as it is energy efficient. Fish would have to expend too much energy to reverse the flow of water.

While with lungs, air passes in and is pushed out in the opposite direction as muscles contract and relax.

34
Q

How is air moved in and out of the lungs?

A

through the movements of the ribs and the diaphragm

35
Q

How is breathing rate controlled?

A

by the level of CO2

36
Q

How can carbon dioxide concentration of the blood be reduced?

A

CO2 is produced by cells in respiration, this is then converted into carbonic acid in the plasma, bicarbonate ions pass into the blood plasma, where they are then transported to the lungs for removal.
This lowers the CO2 concentration in the blood.

37
Q

Why do gills rely on the buoyancy of water?

A

To expand its S.A, thus exposing more of the blood supply to the oxygen-drenched water.

38
Q

How does gas exchange occur in bony fish?

A

They ‘drink water’ and then force it out their gills, which are located under the operculum. Neighbouring filaments touch, so that the water flow over them is directed past gas exchange surfaces before being exhaled.

39
Q

What is an operculum?

A

A covering over the gills that protects the gills and permits the exit of water, it also acts as a pimp, drawing water past the gill filaments.

40
Q

How are gills like in cartilaginous fish?

A

there are six or seven gill slits, each slit is composed of two piles of leaf-like filaments, which project from the gill arch.

The upper and lower surfaces of the filaments have numerous gill plates, which greatly increase the S.A of the gills.

41
Q

Why is the gill arch important?

A

It contains an artery that brings deoxygenated blood to the gill, so then each gill plate is supplied by capillaries that branch from this artery.

42
Q

Why is flowing water important for maximum oxygen uptake in cartilaginous fish?

A

Gills rely on water flowing over them to ensure maximum oxygen uptake, as water flowing over the gills has a higher concentration of oxygen and a lower concentration of CO2, oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries and CO2 diffuses out.

43
Q

Why can’t a fish exchange gas out of water?

A

As the gills collapse because air does not provide the support that water does, although air contains more oxygen.

Fish will die out of water as the S.A available to exchange gases decreases dramatically and the gills are no longer kept moist

44
Q

How does gas exchange occur in sponges?

A

Gas exchange occurs through diffusion through the sponge

45
Q

How does gas exchange occur in earthworms?

A

They breath through their skin, air dissolves on the mucus of their skin and goes through the membrane through diffusion

46
Q

Why do large animals develop specialised structures?

A

SA:Vol ratio is too small for simple diffusion. So they develop specialised structures (increases the S.A) to gain O2 / CO2 out

47
Q

How do fish gain oxygen in their blood?

A

When a constant stream of oxygen rich water flows over the gill filaments, in the opposite direction deoxygenated blood is flowing through the gill filament.

Due to there being a high concentration of O2 in water and a low concentration of O2 in the blood, O2 diffuses into the blood.

The concentration gradient (for oxygen uptake) across the gill is maintained across the entire distance if the gill lamella and oxygen continues to diffuse into the blood (CO2 diffuses out at the same time)

48
Q

Why must fish efficiently extract O2 from the water?

A

As the percentage of dissolved O2 in a volume of water is much less than in the same volume of air

49
Q

What gives gills a high S.A?

A

Gills have many folds which are supported and kept apart from each other by the water gives a high S.A

50
Q

Why would a parallel current flow not achieve the same oxygen extraction rates?

A

As the concentrations across the gill would quickly equalise, and no more O2 exchange would take place.

51
Q

What are the 10 structures of the lungs?

A

Right lobe

Left lobe

Trachea

Right bronchi

Left bronchi

Secondary bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

Diaphragm

Pleura

52
Q

The air going into the lungs is…

A

High in O2

Low in CO2

53
Q

The air going out of the lungs is..

A

Low O2

High CO2

As O2 is absorbed into the blood stream, and CO2 is released to the air (diffusion)

54
Q

What problem do organisms with moist skin have when obtaining O2?

A

if they are exposed to a dry atmosphere the skin can dry out and the oxygen will not be abel to dissolve in the water before entering the blood in the capillaries below.

55
Q

What problem do organisms with lungs have when obtaining O2?

A

deep within the thoracic cavity, lungs need to constantly bring in and out air to maintain a steep concentration gradient for gas exchange

56
Q

What adaptions do organisms with spiracles have when obtaining O2?

A

muscles around the opening can open the spiracles (muscles relax) or close them when required (muscles contract) so dust, water and chemicals do not block the oxygen from cells below

OIB U1 (17 decks)

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