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OIB U1 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Define Genetics

A

Study of heredity and how characteristics are passed on from one generation to the next

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2
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Thread-like structures, found in the nucleus of each cell that carry genetic information

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

DNA and proteins

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4
Q

When can chromosomes be seen?

A

Only during cell division

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5
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 overall and 23 chromosomes pairs of chromosomes

22 of these pairs are called autosomes, they look the same in both males and females

The 23rd pair are sex chromosomes, different in males and females. Females have two copies of the X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y.

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6
Q

What are karyotypes?

A

When human chromosomes are lined up by size in their pairs.

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7
Q

What are Genes?

A

Genes are a length of DNA that contain information about a specific trait

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8
Q

Where are Genes found?

A

Chromosomes

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9
Q

What are Genes made up of?

A

DNA

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10
Q

What are alleles?

A

Variations on a gene that code for different variation of the same trait.

eg. Recessive and Dominant
N or n

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11
Q

What is the scientific name for DNA?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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12
Q

What is DNA?

A

Molecule that contains instructions an organisms needs to develop, live and reproduce. They are found in every cell and are passed from generations.

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13
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

3 types of molecules called nucleotides

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14
Q

What are the three nucleotides that make up DNA?

A
  • Sugar (deoxyribose)
  • Phosphate
  • nitrogenous base
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15
Q

What do nucleotides do to each other?

A

They link together to form long chains = polymer

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16
Q

What are the four different types of nitrogenous bases that occur in a DNA molecule?

A

Adenine

Thiamine

Guanine

Cytosine

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17
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

A

The sugar and phosphate form the backbone and the base links the two chains of backbones together.

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18
Q

Which bases link to each other?

A

A to T

C to G

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19
Q

What shape does a DNA molecule make?

A

Double helix

20
Q

Why does DNA replication occur?

A

So that each new cell has the same DNA as the parent cell

21
Q

What are the three types of Genetic Dominance?

A

Complete, incomplete and co-dominance

22
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

Where one trait is dominant over another

When most traits are controlled by 1 gene, each gene has 2 alleles but only 1 is completely dominant

23
Q

Give an example of Complete dominance

A

A purple (P) pea flower is bred with a white (w) flower, the White is recessive to the purple so all the offspring will be purple as it is dominant.

24
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Both alleles are equally dominant and become ‘blended’

25
Q

Give an example of incomplete dominance

A

Crossing a Red (R) & White (W) flowers to produce a pink (RW) flower

26
Q

What is co-dominance?

A

When both traits coexist together and both alleles appear in the phenotype.

27
Q

Give an example for Co-dominance

A

Breeding a Red (RR) cow with a White (WW) creates a Roan (RW) a mixture of both

🐃 + 🐮 = 🐄

28
Q

What is a diploid organism?

🚶

A

An organism with two copies of each chromosome

One from the mother and the other from the father

29
Q

What is an haploid organism?

🐜

A

An organism with only one copy of each chromosome

30
Q

What is a triploid organism?

🌻

A

An organism that has three copies of each chromosome

31
Q

How many alleles can a person have?

A

Two as chromosomes only hold one and every person has two chromosomes.

32
Q

Alleles make up a…

A

Person’s genotype

33
Q

Traits the alleles result in is called a…

A

Phenotype

34
Q

What are different variations of a gene called?

A

Alleles

35
Q

What are the two steps of biological process?

A

Meiosis

Fertilisation

36
Q

Define meiosis

A

Type of cell division that make gametes (sperm and egg)

37
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sperm and eggs, they carry one allele per gene, but as humans need two alleles for each gene, one half of gametes gets one allele and the other gets the other half of alleles

38
Q

Give an example of meiosis

A

Susan has the alleles Bb which B codes for brown eyes and b codes for blue eyes.

During meiosis half of Susan’s eggs will receive alleles for brown eyes and the other half will receive the allele for blue eyes.

39
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When an egg fuses with a sperm to form a new cell called a zygote. The zygote then grows into a baby

40
Q

What does fertilisation do?

A

Combines the mother’s and father’s DNA to make a offsprings genotype

41
Q

What does a punnet square do?

A

Used to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring

42
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

A diagram that shows how individuals are related to one another. It allows you to track how alleles are passed on from parents to offspring across generations.

43
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A sudden permanent change to a gene

44
Q

State three reasons for a mutation to occur

A

Radiation, chemicals, heat

45
Q

What are autosomes?

A

The 22 pairs of chromosomes not including sex chromosomes

46
Q

What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype is the type of gene
Eg. TT, Tt, tt

Phenotype is the characteristic you see
Eg. Tall or short

OIB U1 (17 decks)

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