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Biology AS > Transport in Plants, 3.3 > Flashcards

Transport in Plants, 3.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does a plant get water and minerals?

A

Through the roots

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2
Q

How does a plant get sugars?

A

Photosynthesis

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3
Q

What are vascular bundles?

A

Groups of vascular tissues

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4
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A

Transports water and dissolve minerals. Move upwards.

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5
Q

What is the role of the phloem?

A

Transports products of photosynthesis all over the plant.

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6
Q

What are the structures found in the roots? Draw a diagram.

A

Endodermis. Epidermis. Phloem. Xylem. Root hair.

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7
Q

What are the structures found in the stem? Draw a diagram.

A

Epidermis. Phloem. Xylem. Layer of cambium between xylem and phloem.

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8
Q

What are the structures in the leaf? Draw a diagram..

A

Cuticle. Upper epidermis. Spongy mesophyll layer. Phloem. Xylem. Guard Cell. Stomata.

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9
Q

How does lignin affect the xylem?

A

Lignin impregnates the walls - waterproof and strong. Lignification kills the cells.

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10
Q

How are bordered pits formed?

A

In some places lignification is not complete leaves gaps. Allow water to leave.

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11
Q

How does the killing of the cells help the structure of the xylem?

A

Decay leaves long columns with no content - continuous

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12
Q

Why are xylem vessels able to carry water?

A
  1. Cell walls overlap - continuous
  2. Tubes are narrow - water column doesn’t break
  3. Bordered pits allow water to ‘leak’ through
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13
Q

What are the two components of the phloem?

A

Sieve tube elements and companion cells..

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14
Q

Describe the structure of sieve tube elements.

A

Elongated. Line up forming sieve tubes. No nucleus. Ends are perforated (sieve plates) allow movement.

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15
Q

Describe the structure of companion cells.

A

Between sieve tube elements. Large nucleus. Dense cytoplasm. Numerous mitochondria.

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16
Q

What is the function of a companion cell?

A

Carries out metabolic processes - needs lots of ATP

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17
Q

What is a gap in the cell wall where the cytoplasm joined called?

A

Plasmodesmata

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18
Q

How permeable is cellulose?

A

Fully permeable

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19
Q

Describe the Apoplast pathway

A

Water passes through space in or between cells. Doesn’t pass through the membrane. Stops at endodermis - casparian strip

20
Q

Describe the process of the symplast pathway.

A

Water enters the cell through the plasma membrane. Passes through plasmodesmata.

21
Q

Describe the Vacuolar Pathway

A

Not confined to cytoplasm - move through vacuole

22
Q

Why is the water potential in plant cells always negative?

A

Has dissolved solutes in it

23
Q

How does water move into the roots from the soil?

A

Roots take in ions by active transport - lowers water potential. Water moves by osmosis into cells - until its turgid..

24
Q

How does water leave?

A

Evaporates through the leaves

25
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water vapour through stomata

26
Q

What are the stages of water moving through a plant?

A
  1. Water enters the leaf from the xylem
  2. Water evaporates
  3. Water vapour moves by diffusion through stomata
27
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration?

A

Light causes. Stomata to open. Let’s water vapour diffuse out. Increases rate.

28
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration?

A

High temperature increases kinetic energy. Decrease in vapour water potential near stomata. Rate increases.

29
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration?

A

More water vapour in the air around the stomata. Smaller gradient. Decreases rate.

30
Q

How does wind affect the rate transpiration?

A

Moves humid air away from the plant so a bigger water vapour potential. Increases rate.

31
Q

How does water water availability affect transpiration?

A

Insufficient water causes stomata to close. Cells not turgid..

32
Q

How do we use a potometer to measure transpiration?

A

Water drawn through a straw wads to a leafy shoot. Distance an air bubble tracks in the capillary tube over a set time. Place apparatus in different conditions.

33
Q

What is the role of root hair cells?

A

Absorb mineral ions and water from the soil.

34
Q

What is the role of the Casparian strip?

A

Block the apoplast pathway. Forces water through the symplast pathway.

35
Q

How does root pressure cause transpiration?

A

Pressure in root medulla builds up. Forces water up the xylem.

36
Q

How does the transpiration pull help move water up the xylem?

A

Loss of water drags water up the xylem. Whole column gets pulled up. Cohesion and adhesion.

37
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Water molecules attract to each other

38
Q

What is adhesion?

A

Water molecules attracted to the walls of the xylem.

39
Q

What is the source?

A

Part of the plant that loads materials eg leaves (sucrose)

40
Q

What is the sink?

A

Part of the plant that removes materials eg meristem or roots (sucrose)

41
Q

Describe the stages of active loading?

A
  1. Companion cell actively pumps H+ out - produces conc. gradient
  2. H+ ions diffuse back if they’re carrying sucrose
  3. Creates a high sucrose conc. in the cells
  4. Sucrose then diffuses into sieve tube
42
Q

How do assimilates move through the phloem?

A

Through sap. Caused by hydrostatic pressure.

43
Q

What happens when sucrose concentration is high?

A

Water enters via osmosis increasingly hydrostatic pressure

44
Q

What is an xerophyte?

A

Plants adapted to liv in arid conditions (cacti and marram grass)

45
Q

Name some adaptations of a xerophyte

A

Hairy leaves. ‘Sunken’ stomata. Rolled up leaves. Widespread roots. Succulent plants. Waxy cuticle. Spikes.

46
Q

What is an hydrophyte?

A

Plants that live in water/wet conditions (water lilies)

47
Q

What are some adaptations of a hydrophyte?

A

Large air spaces so it floats. Stomata on the upper side.

Biology AS (12 decks)

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