Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology AS > Communicable Diseases, 4.1 > Flashcards

Communicable Diseases, 4.1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define healthy

A

Free from disease, mentally, socially and physically well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Microorganism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How does a pathogen survive?

A

By taking nutrients from the ‘host’ causing damage in the process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does bacteria cause disease?

A
  • Enters host and reproduces quickly
  • Damages cells or releases toxins which are toxic to the host
  • In plants bacteria live in vascular tissues causing blackening and death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that causes disease in humans

A

Tuberculosis - kills cells and tissues, the lungs are most often affected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that causes disease in plants

A

Ringrot - ring of decay in vascular tissue in a potato tuber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does fungi cause disease?

A
  • Fungus live under the skin where its hyphae grow under the skins surface
  • Can send out specialized hyphae which grow to the surface and release spores
  • Plants, in vascular tissue releases cellulase to digest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give an example of a fungi that causes disease in humans

A

Athletes foot growth under the skin of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give an example of a fungi that causes disease in plants

A

Black sigatoka causes leaf spots on banana plants reducing the yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do viruses cause disease?

A
  • Invade cells and take over the genetic machinery and other organelles
  • Host cell eventually bursts releasing new viruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes disease in humans

A

HIV/AIDs attacks cells in the immune system and compromises immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a virus that causes disease in plants

A

Tobacco mosaic virus causes discolouration of leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do protoctista cause disease?

A

Enter host cells and feed on the contents as they grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of a protoctista that causes disease in humans

A

Malaria - parasite in the blood causing fever coma and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give an example of a protoctista that causes disease in plants

A

Blight - affects leaves and potato tubers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Passing pathogen from host to host directly no intermediary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are diseases passed through physical contact and how do we stop it?

A

Touching an infected person - need to wash hands or surfaces, sterilise and disinfect and use condoms
-eg HIV, bacterial meningitis, ring worm, athletes foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are disease passed through faecal-oral transmission and how can we stop it?

A

Drinking/contact with contaminated water - need treatment of waster water and drinking water, was fresh food
-eg cholera, food poisoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are disease passed through droplet infection and how do we stop it?

A

Through coughing and sneezing - need to catch it, bin it, kill it, cover mouth
-eg influenza, tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are diseases passed through spores and how do we stop it?

A

Contact with spores in soil - need to use a mask and wash skin
-eg tetanus, anthrax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Passing a pathogen from host to host via a vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a vector?

A

Organism that carries a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an example of indirect transmission?

A

Malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is malaria?

A

A plasmodium parasite is able to enter the host when a female Anophele mosquito bites them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the stages of malaria

A
  1. Plasmodium migrates and enters liver cells
  2. Multiplies then returns to the blood stream
  3. Invades the red blood cells, feeds on haemglobin (can remain dominant for some time)
  4. If plasmodium bursts out this causes fever
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is malaria passed from one person to another?

A

If a second mosquito bites an infected person the mosquito becomes infected and when the mosquito bites another person it passes it onto the next person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why do white blood cells struggle to deal with plasmodium?

A

It is large so can’t digest it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe direct transmission in plants

A
  • pathogens are in the soil and infect via damaged root
  • Fungi sports carried in the wind
  • Pathogens could enter vascular tissue
  • Pathogens are redistributed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe indirect transmission in plants

A
  • Insect attacks, spores are attached to burrowing beetles

- Dutch elm disease carried by a beetle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What factors affect transmission?

A
  • Over crowding and poor ventilation
  • Poor health, diet and lifestyle
  • Warm and damp climates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does skin act as a primary defense?

A
  • Surface is a layer of dead cells
  • Process called Keratinisation
  • Secretes sebum, waterproof
  • 20-30 cells thick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How do mucous membranes act as primary defense?

A
  • Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus

- Surfaces lined with cilia to move mucous with trapped pathogens out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How does coughing and sneezing act as primary defense?

A

Expels air to get rid of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is blood clotting important?

A

Cuts leave the body open to infection - a blood clot forms a scab to pull the skin back together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting.

A
  1. Collagen fibres exposed, platelets stick to these, form a plug
  2. Platelets become activated and release clotting factors (thromboplastins)
  3. Thromboplastins convert to prothrobin then to thrombin - through an enzyme cascade which requires calcium ions
  4. Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
  5. Fibrin forms a mesh trapping red blood cells forming a clot - dries out to form a scab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the process of inflammation.

A
  • Presence of microorganisms in the tissue detected by mast cells
  • Release cell signalling substance, histamine, combat infection
  • Causes vasodilation and makes capillary walls more permeable to white blood cells and proteins
  • Increased production of tissue fluid which leads to swelling
  • Tissue fluid drained into lymphatic system meaning pathogens come into contact with lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How are the eyes protected from infection?

A

Antibodies and enzymes in tear fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How are ears protected from infection?

A

Ear canal lined with wax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Define antigen

A

A membrane bound molecule use to recognize pathogens

40
Q

Define phagocytes

A

Specialised cells in the blood that engulf and digest pathogens

41
Q

Define Neutrophils

A

Most common phagocytes from bone marrow, contain lysosomes to engulf and digest pathogens

42
Q

Define macrophage

A

Large cells which engulf pathogens but don’t fully digest, cell becomes an antigen presenting cell

43
Q

Define antibody

A

Specific protein released that attaches and attacks pathogens antigens

44
Q

Define lymphocyte

A

White blood cell

45
Q

Define Opsonins

A

Proteins that bind to antigens, sometimes not specific. Enhance ability of phagocytic cells.

46
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Specialised cells that digest pathogens

47
Q

How are pathogens recognised by the body?

A

By antigens - unique to the pathogen and foreign to the immune system

48
Q

What is non-specific immune response?

A

Phagocytes that engulf any pathogen

49
Q

What is specific immune response?

A

Response to a specific pathogen/antigen which involves the production of antibodies by lymphocytes

50
Q

What is meant by antigen presentation?

A

Macrophage (Antigen presenting cell) - engulfs infected cell and presents the antigens. Moves around the body until it comes into contact with T or B lymphocytes

51
Q

Where are T and B lymphocytes made?

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

Bone marrow

53
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

54
Q

What is activation of T and B lymphocytes called?

A

Clonation

55
Q

What are the different division of B lymphocytes?

A

Plasma cells and B memory cells

56
Q

What is the role of the (B) plasma cells?

A

Manufacture and release antibodies

57
Q

What is the role of B Memory cells?

A

Remain in the body after the pathogen is destroyed and act as immunological memory

58
Q

What are the different divisions of T lymphocytes?

A

T Killer cells. T Memory cells. T Helper cells. T Regular cells.

59
Q

What is the role of T Killer cells?

A

Attack and kill body cells that display a foreign antigen

60
Q

What is the role of T memory cells?

A

Provide long term immunity

61
Q

What is the role of T helper cells?

A

Release cytokines which stimulate B cells to divide and stimulate phagocytosis

62
Q

What is the role o T regulator cells?

A

Shut down immune response after the pathogen is destroyed

63
Q

What does cell signalling in the immune system involve?

A

Release of chemicals called cytokines. Detect signals the cell must have a cell surface receptor.

64
Q

What do macrophages release? And what does it do?

A

Monokines. Attract neutrophils or stimulate B cells to differentiate

65
Q

What do T cells and macrophages release? And what does it do?

A

Interlukins. Stimulates clonal expansion of T and B cells

66
Q

What is inferon and what does it do?

A

It’s a cell signalling chemical. Inhibits virus reproduction and stimulates T killer cells

67
Q

Describe how B lymphocytes work.

A
  • B lymphocytes bind with antibody complementary to the antigen (on pathogen or APC)
  • Stimulated B lymphocytes divide many times
  • Produced by memory cells so there is an excess of antibodies
68
Q

Describe how T helper cells work.

A
  • T helper cells bind with antibody complementary to the antigen (on pathogen or APC)
  • Stimulated T lymphocytes divides many times
  • T helper cells secrete cytokines which stimulate phagocytic cells and other lymphocytes
69
Q

Describe how T killer cells work.

A
  • T killer cells bind with antibody complementary to the antigen (on pathogen or APC)
  • Stimulated T killer cells divide many times
  • T killer cells bind to cells presenting the complementary antigen and kill them
70
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Occurs when the immune system attacks part of the body - anitbodies attack our antigens

71
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Painful inflammation of a join - antibodies attack membrane around the joint

72
Q

What is lupus?

A

Causes swelling and pain - antibodies attack proteins in the cells nucleus

73
Q

What is the hinged region in an antibody?

A

Allows flexibility so the antibody can grip onto the antigen

74
Q

What is the variable region in an antibody?

A

Variable region shape specific to the shape of the antigen

75
Q

What is the constant region in an antibody?

A

The same for all antibodies

76
Q

Describe the process of neutralization by antibodies?

A

Antibodies bind to antigens to stop them entering body cells (opsonins)

77
Q

Describe the process of agglutination by antibodies?

A
  • Antibodies bind to the surface of several pathogens clumping them together
  • Macrophages can recognize them and easily destroy by phagocytosis
78
Q

Describe the process of antitoxins by antibodies

A
  • Some pathogens release molecules which may be toxic

- Antibodies bind to them an release antitoxins

79
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Active - infection. Passive - maternal.

80
Q

What is artificial immunity?

A

Active - vaccination. Passive - antibody transfer.

81
Q

What does a vaccine do?

A

Stimulates the production of white blood cells and antibodies

82
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A
  • Harmless toxins (tetanus)
  • Attenuated form of the pathogen
  • Isolate antigens such as cell surface proteins
  • Dead pathogen
  • Live pathogen with similar antigens which are not as harmless
83
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

Ability to change their proteins due to mutations

84
Q

What is herd vaccination?

A
  • Provides immunity to the majority of the population
  • If enough people are immune the disease can no longer spread
  • Vaccinate almost all of the population 80%-90%
85
Q

What is ring vaccination?

A
  • When there’s a new disease

- Vaccinate everyone in the immediate vicinity of the new disease

86
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population

87
Q

Why do we need new drugs?

A

New diseases. Diseases with no effective treatments. Antibiotics becoming less effective.

88
Q

What is an example of accidental discovery of a drug?

A

Antibiotic penicillin by Alexander Flemming

89
Q

What are traditional remedies?

A

Drugs that have been used for centuries eg morphine and opium

90
Q

How do we get medicine from observing wildlife?

A

Many animals use plants with medicinal properties. Scientists use traditional plants and animal behavior when developing new drugs

91
Q

How can we use drugs to stop HIV?

A

If we can block the binding of the pathogen to the receptor site then it cannot enter the cell

92
Q

What is personalised medicine?

A
  • It is possible to screen genomes of plants or microorganisms to identify potential medicinal compounds from DNA sequences
  • Could be able to sequence the genes and develop scientific drugs for the condition
93
Q

What is synthetic biology?

A

Development of new molecules that mimic biological systems

94
Q

What are some examples of physical plant defenses?

A
  • Cellulose cell wall, physical barrier
  • Lignin, thickens cell wall and is waterproof
  • Waxy cuticles, prevent water collecting on cell surfaces
  • Bark, contains a variety of chemical defences
  • Stomatal closure, stomata are controlled by guard cells which can open and close
  • Callose, large polysaccharide deposited in sieve tubes at the end of growing season
  • Tylose, balloon like swelling that fills the xylem vessel and block it
95
Q

What are terpenoids?

A

Oils with antibacterial properties and antifungal properties

96
Q

What are phenols?

A

Inhibit insect attacks, tannin, do no grow an eventually die

97
Q

What are active defenses in plants?

A
  • Production of chemicals requires energy (proteins/glycolipids)
  • Cell walls thickened and strengthened with cellulose
  • Callose, blocks plasmodesmata

Biology AS (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions