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biology as > Exchange Surfaces and Breathing, 3.1 > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces and Breathing, 3.1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Why can’t multi-cellular organisms use their entire surface area for diffusion?

A

Gases would have to travel too far. There would be dehydration problems.

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2
Q

How does level of activity affect gas exchange?

A

Active organisms will need a good supply of gases and nutrients for energy.

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3
Q

What are the features of a good exchange surface?

A

Large surface area. Thin walls (short distance). Copious blood supply. Moist. Concentration gradient.

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4
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

(surface area x difference in conc.) / length of diffusion path

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5
Q

Where does gas exchange take place in mammals?

A

The lungs.

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6
Q

How do animals maintain a concentration gradient?

A

Ventilation and blood circulation.

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7
Q

What does the amount of oxygen an organism require rely on?

A

Amount of cells (size) and the rate at which cells respire (metabolic rate).

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8
Q

What are the lungs protected by?

A

Ribcage

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9
Q

What holds the ribcage together?

A

Intercostal muscles

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10
Q

What are the features of alveoli?

A

Massive surface area. Moist. Thin (one cell) wells, capillaries are also one cell thin. Capillaries in close contact with the alveoli.

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11
Q

Describe the process of Inspiration.

A
  1. External intercostal muscles contract
  2. Ribcage moves up and out
  3. Diaphragm contracts from dome to flat
  4. Volume of thorax increases
  5. Pressure decreases in lungs
  6. Air moves into the lungs
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12
Q

Is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

Active

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13
Q

Describe the process of Expiration.

A
  1. External intercostal muscles relax
  2. Ribcage moves down and in
  3. Diaphragm relaxes
  4. Volume of thorax decreases
  5. Pressure increases in lungs
  6. Air move out of the lungs
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14
Q

Is expiration an active or passive process?

A

Passive

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15
Q

How would you describe the relationship between pressure and volume?

A

Inversely proportional

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16
Q

What tissues are alveoli composed of?

A

Squamous epithelium and elastic fibres

17
Q

What features do airways need to have?

A

Large. Supported (don’t collapse). Flexible

18
Q

What are airways lined with?

A

Ciliated epithelium

19
Q

What is the function of goblet cells?

A

To produce mucus which traps pathogens.

20
Q

What are Bronchi and Trachea composed of?

A

Cartilage in a C-shape structure

21
Q

What are Bronchioles composed of?

A

Some cartilage. Mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibres.

22
Q

How can we measure lung volumes?

A

Using a spirometer

23
Q

How is a spirometer set up?

A

Lower half is water. Upper half is oxygen. Trace marker. Soda lime - absorbs carbon dioxide.

24
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

From peak of expiration to low of inspiration - one breath.

25
Q

What happens to the trace from the spirometer when you are inspiring?

A

Drops down.

26
Q

Why does the overall volume decrease in the spirometer?

A

More gas being breathed out as breathed in, soda lime absorbs CO2.

27
Q

Describe the gas exchange surface in a bony fish.

A

The gills - absorb oxygen. There are four gills - supported by a gill bar. Two rows of gill filaments in the gills - surface of these are folded into secondary lamellae. Externally gills are protected by a bony operculum.

28
Q

How does a counter current system work in a bony fish?

A

Blood flow in capillaries is opposite to the direction of the flow of water. Enables you to maintain a diffusion gradient all the way along the capillary.

29
Q

Name the two cavities in a bony fish.

A

Buccal cavity and the opercular cavity.

30
Q

What occurs during ventilation in a bony fish?

A
  1. Bony fish lowers the buccal cavity - increases the volume, decreases the pressure
  2. Water is drawn into the buccal cavity
  3. Volume increases as the operculum flexes out
  4. Pressure is lowest at the opercular cavity so water is drawn across the gills
31
Q

Describe the exoskeleton of an insect.

A

Has an exoskeleton - limited movement. Exoskeleton is made of chitin - impermeable to oxygen

32
Q

What are spiracles?

A

Tiny holes along the side of an insect.

33
Q

What system does an insect use to transport gases?

A

A tracheal system - air filled system. Transport directly. Tracheae divides in the tracheoles. End of these tubes in direct contact with cells - small amount of fluid.

34
Q

How are spiracles closed?

A

By valves

35
Q

How does an insect ventilate?

A

Large active insects (grasshoppers) cant forcibly ventilate their tracheae - contraction of muscles compresses organs forcing air out. One way air system. Some insects wing movement alters the volume of the thorax.

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