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Biology AS > Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cell Differentiation, 2.6 > Flashcards

Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cell Differentiation, 2.6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different stages of interphase?

A

G1 - growth. S - DNA copied. G2 - growth..

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2
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

One copy of chromosome

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3
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Two copies of chromosomes

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4
Q

What is mitosis used in?

A

Asexual reproduction. Growth. Tissue repair.

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5
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A
  1. Chromosomes more distinct - coil, condense, thicken
  2. Centriole divides
  3. Nucleolus less prominent
  4. Nuclear envelope disintergrates
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6
Q

What occurs during metaphase?

A
  1. Each centriole at its pole
  2. Centrioles produce spindle fibres - attach to centromere
  3. Pairs of chromosomes pulled to the equator
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7
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A
  1. Spindle fibres contract and centromere divides

2. Chromosomes pulled t opposite poles - in a v-shape

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8
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A
  1. Chromatids reach the poles - de condense
  2. Nuclear envelope reforms
  3. Cell contains two nuclei
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9
Q

What occurs during cytokinesis?

A

Cell divides. Animal - constriction, folds inward, ‘nips in’ cytoplasm. Plant - cell wall laid down.

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10
Q

What does mitosis produce?

A

Two identical daughter cells

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11
Q

What is the function of meiosis?

A

Sexual reproduction. Produces genetic variation. Haploid gametes eg work and egg..

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12
Q

How many divisions are there in meiosis?

A

Two

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13
Q

What occurs during Prophase 1?

A
  1. Chromatids condense and supercoil
  2. Nuclear envelope breaks down
  3. Crossing over occurs - non sister chromatids swap sections
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14
Q

What occurs during crossing over?

A

Non sister chromatids swap sections. Cut off at precise base pairs. No longer genetically identical.

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15
Q

What occurs during metaphase 1?

A
  1. Pairs of chromosomes line up on equator

2. Spindle attaches to centromere

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16
Q

What occurs during anaphase 1?

A
  1. Each one in the pair of chromosomes is pulled by the spindle to opposite poles.
  2. Centromeres do not divide
  3. Results in allele shuffling
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17
Q

What occurs during telophase 1?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

2. Chromosomes at poles

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18
Q

What does stage 2 of meiosis consist of?

A

Prophase 2. Metaphase . Anaphase 2. Telophase 2. The same as mitosis.

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19
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

4 haploid cells.

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20
Q

How is genetic variation achieved?

A

Crossing over. Random distribution acts anaphase 1 and 2. Haploid gametes will fuse with another gamete.

21
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Process by which stem cells become specialised into different types of cells.

22
Q

What do zygotes divide by to develop?

A

Mitosis - it is a stem cell - become embryonic cells.

23
Q

What are the key features of Erythrocytes?

A

Small and biconclave - large SA/V ratio. Flexible - can move through small capillaries. No nucleus - more space for haemoglobin.

24
Q

What are the main features of neutrophils?

A

Invest invading pathogens. Large. Multilobed nucleus. Attracts to infected sites by chemotaxis. Phagocytosis.

25
Q

What are the main features of spermatozoa?

A

Many mitochondria - lots of ATP. Small, long and thin. Enzymes released from across in head. Head contains male gamete nucleus.

26
Q

What are the main features of epithelial cells?

A

Lining tissue. Squamous - flattened. Have cilia.

27
Q

What are the main features of palisade cells?

A

Large. Packs tightly - leave air spaces for CO2. Large vacuole - pushes chloroplasts to the edge. Many chloroplasts.

28
Q

What are the main features of guard cells?

A

Light energy - produces ATP - actively transports K+ ions - lowers water potential. Water enters via osmosis. When turgid open stomata.

29
Q

What are the main features of root hair cells?

A

Hair like projection - increases SA - more can be absorbed. Mineral ions actively transported - lower water potential. Have carrier proteins.

30
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of cells working together to perform a specific function.

31
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Covers surface of the body

32
Q

What are the main features of epithelial tissue?

A

Cells packed tightly - form continuous sheets. No blood vessels - nutrients diffuse through tissue fluid. Have short cell cycles.

33
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection. Absorption. Filtration. Excretion. Secretion.

34
Q

Name some examples of connective tissue..

A

Cartilage. Hyaline. Fibrous cartilage. Elastic.

35
Q

What are the key features of cartilage?

A

Holds joints together. Cells are chondoplasts - divid by mitosis,secrete extracellular matrix.

36
Q

What are the key features of hyaline?

A

Forms embryonic skeleton. Covers ends of long bones, joins ribs.

37
Q

What are the key features of Fibrous Cartilage?

A

Discs between vertebrae in the spin and in the knee joint.

38
Q

What are the key features of elastic cartilage?

A

Makes up outer ear.

39
Q

Define an organ

A

Collection of tissues working together to perform the sam function

40
Q

Define an organ system

A

Number of organs working together to carry out an overall life function

41
Q

Give some examples of organ systems

A

Digestive system. Circulatory state.

42
Q

Name 3 tissues found in Plants.

A

Epidermal. Vascular. Meristematic.

43
Q

What are the key features of epidermal tissue?

A

Flattened cells. Covers leaves, stems and roots.

44
Q

What are the key features of vascular tissue?

A

Contains stems cells. Found in roots and shoot tips. Thin walls. No chloroplasts. Small vacuole. Can divid

45
Q

Name four plant organs and their functions.

A
  1. Leaf - photosynthesis.
  2. Root - anchorage, absorption, storage
  3. Stem - support, transportation systems
  4. Flower - sexual reproduction
46
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialised cells able to express all of its genes and divide by mitosis.

47
Q

What are the sources of stem cells?

A

Embryos. Umbilical cord blood. In developed tissues - adipose, blood, brain, bone, muscle, skin.

48
Q

What are thee uses of stem cells?

A
  1. Bone marrow transplants - use to treat diseases of the blood and immune system
  2. Drug research - tests new drugs on lab stem cells
  3. Research of development history
49
Q

What experiments have stem cells been used in?

A

Treat ice with type 1 diabetes. Develop liver cells. Develop into nerve tissue to treats Alzheimer’s.

Biology AS (12 decks)

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