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biology > Transport In Mammals > Flashcards

Transport In Mammals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
0
Q

What are the components in blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. RBC
  3. WBC
  4. Platelets
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1
Q

Why is a transport system required in complex organisms?

A

Time needed for transportation of materials will take too long by diffusion alone.

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2
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  1. Soluble proteins - fibrinogen, prothrombin, antibodies
  2. Food substances
  3. Dissolved mineral salts
  4. Excretory products
  5. Hormones
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3
Q

Where are RBCs produced at?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the features of RBCs ?

A
  1. No nucleus- circular, flattened and biconcave (SA to volume ratio)
  2. Elastic- squeeze through narrow blood vessels.
  3. Contains haemoglobin (special kind of protein containing iron) - oxygen carrier
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5
Q

Where are RBCs destroyed at and what happens?

A
  1. They are destroyed in spleen and liver.
  2. Iron released from breakdown of haemoglobin stored in liver.
  3. Bile pigments produced from breakdown (emulsification of fats)
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6
Q

What are the features of WBCs?

A
  1. Colorless - no haemoglobin
  2. Larger compared to RBCs
  3. Fewer in number
  4. Irregular in shape and nucleated
  5. Motile, able to squeeze through vessels by changing shape
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Phagocytes

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8
Q

What are the features of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Produced by bone marrow, matures in lymph glands/nodes
  2. Large round nucleus
  3. Small amount of non granular cytoplasm
  4. Produces antibodies
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9
Q

What the features of phagocytes?

A
  1. Produced by bone marrow
  2. Ability to ingest foreign particles
  3. 2 kinds - monocyte & polymorph
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10
Q

What are blood platelets?

A
  1. Known as thrombocytes.
  2. Not true cells, fragments of cytoplasm from certain bone marrow cells.
  3. Aids in blood clotting.
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11
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport medium

2. Protects body against diseases.

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12
Q

How does oxygen from the lungs reach the body cells?

A
  1. O2 combine with haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin (bright red)
  2. Oxyhemoglobin transported to other body parts where O2 released to be taken up by tissue cells.
  3. O2 diffuses into solution into tissue cells.
  4. Haemoglobin now turns purplish red.
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13
Q

What are the 3 protective functions of bloods?

A
  1. Antibody protection
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Phagocytosis
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14
Q

Where are antibodies produced at?

A

By lymphocytes.

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15
Q

What are the roles of antibodies?

A
  1. Secrete antitoxins to neutralize toxins.
  2. Destroy bacteria by attaching to them, causing bacterial surface membrane to rupture.
  3. Cause agglutination of bacteria.
  4. Attach to virus, unable to bind to host cell.
16
Q

Why do antibodies cause agglutination of bacteria?

A

It clumps the bacteria together to allow phagocytosis to take place easily.

17
Q

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

A

Seals up a wound to present excessive blood loss and entry of foreign particles into the blood stream.

18
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting.

A
  1. Damaged blood vessels release thrombokinase by damaged tissues and blood platelets.
  2. Thrombokinase converts prothrombin present in plasma to thrombin with help of required calcium ions.
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fribrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads.
  4. Threads entangle blood corpuscles and whole mass forms clot.
19
Q

Explain why blood does not clot in undamaged blood vessels.

A

Due to presence of heparin, an anti clotting substance produced by liver. During blood clot, thrombokinase released neat realizes action of heparin.

20
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis.

A

Phagocytes engulf foreign bacteria. Some phagocytes may be destroyed in process. These dead cells, together with dead bacteria forms pus

21
Q

Why do transplanted organs must not be rejected by the recipients immune system?

A
  1. Transplanted organ maybe treated as foreign body.

2. Lymphocytes respond and produce antibodies to destroy transplanted organ.

22
Q

Describe the walls of arteries.

A

Thick, muscular and elastic to withstand high pressure of blood coming out from heart, this strength comes from it’s elastic fibres. No valves.

23
Q

What is the constriction and dilation of an artery brought about by?

A

Contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the arterial wall.

24
Q

Describe the movement of blood found in the veins.

A

Blood moving towards heart, high in CO2, at lower pressure and flows more slowly and smoothly.

25
Q

Describe the features of the walls of veins.

A
  1. Not as thick and muscular as those of arteries - lower blood pressure.
  2. Contain less elastic tissue
  3. Valves to ensure unidirectional flow of blood.
26
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic blood vessels found between cells of almost all tissues.

27
Q

How are capillaries adapted to serve its functions?

A
  1. Endothelium of capillaries is partially permeable to ensure rapid diffusion of substances through it.
  2. Branch repeatedly to increase SA for substance exchange.
  3. BP lowered hence slower blood flow to allow more time for exchange of substances.
28
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle.

A
  1. Blood returned to right & left from vena cava (deO2 from body) and pulmonary vein (lungs) respectively.
  2. Contraction of atria cause blood in it to be pumped into right& left of ventricles.
  3. Blood pumped out of heard by ventricles: pulmonary arch& pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs, aortic arch carries blood to body parts.
  4. Back flow prevented due to valves (Tricuspid on right and bicuspid on left)
29
Q

How does blood pressure vary with distance ?

A

BP decreases with increasing distance. (BP strongest when coming out from heart)

30
Q

Name the specific artery which brings blood to each specific body part.

A
  1. Pulmonary- lungs
  2. Carotid- head and neck
  3. Subclavian- forelimbs
  4. Hepatic- liver
  5. Mesenteric- intestines
  6. Renal- kidney
  7. Lliac- hindlimbs
31
Q

Name the specific vein that brings blood away from each specific body part.

A
  1. Pulmonary- lungs
  2. Jugular- head and neck
  3. Subclavian- forelimbs
  4. Lliac- hindlimbs
  5. Renal- kidney
  6. Hepatic - liver
32
Q

Explain how substances are transferred from the capillaries to tissue cells.

A
  1. Dissolved food substances and O2 diffuse from blood into tissue fluid then into cells.
  2. Waste products diffuse from cells into tissue fluids then through capillary walls into blood.
33
Q

What are the advantages of RBCs moving in single file inside capillaries?

A
  1. Diameter of RBCs decreased so it can easily pass through lumen of capillaries.
  2. Cell increases SA to speed up absorption of waste products and release of O2.
  3. Blood flow rate reduced, giving more time for efficient gaseous exchange.
34
Q

How does heart problems occur?

A

Fatty deposits on coronary arteries cause higher BP as lumen size decreases and then coronary thrombosis in CA.

biology (10 decks)

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