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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

0
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Breakdown of food substances in presence of O2 with release of large amount of energy(38 ATP). CO2 and H20 released as waste products.

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

Oxidation of food substances with release of energy in living cells.

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2
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

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3
Q

Why do mitochondria play a viral role in aerobic respiration?

A

As aerobic respiration is an enzymatic process, these respiratory enzymes are found in mitochondria, the ‘powerhouse’ of a cell.

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4
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Breakdown of food substances with release of comparatively small amount of energy in absence of O2.
CO2 and ethanol released as waste products. (in plant cells) (2 ATP energy)

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5
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

C6H12C6-> 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + energy.

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6
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration take plus in our muscles?

A

There is a limit to the increase in breathing rate and heartbeat so if maximum aerobic respiration cannot supply enough energy to meet energy demand, muscles will undergo AAR, extra energy released with lactic acid as by product.

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7
Q

What is the equation for the occurrence of anaerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6-> 2CH3CHOHCOOH + energy( 2ATP )

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8
Q

What happened to the lactic acid in the muscles during rest?

A
  1. Some LA transported to liver to be oxidized to give off energy.
  2. This energy used to convert remaining lactic acid to glucose to be recycled by the body.
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9
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Amount of O2 required to oxidize lactic acid produced in muscles during AAR.

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10
Q

How do we prove that an organism respire aerobically?

A
  1. AR used up O2, released CO2 and water and gives off heat energy.
  2. These characteristic prove that an organism respites aerobically.
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11
Q

Why do organisms use energy for ?

A
  1. Synthesis of new protoplasm for growth and repair.
  2. Synthesis of proteins from AA.
  3. Cell division
  4. Active transport by organs.
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12
Q

Why are seeds placed in antiseptic solution during experiment to investigate production of heat during respiration?

A

Prevent decay of dead seeds which may produce rise in temperature.

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13
Q

What is the function of potassium hydroxide/ soda lime?

A

Absorb CO2.

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14
Q

What are the advantages of breathing through the nose?

A
  1. Hairs in nostrils and mucus on mucous membrane trap foreign particles.
  2. Air warmed and moistened as it passes though nasal passages.
  3. Sensory cell in mucous membrane able to detect harmful chemicals.
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15
Q

What is function of the C shaped cartilage around the trachea?

A
  1. Keep lumen open

2. Prevent collapse of air passage when air pressure inside them is low during inspiration.

16
Q

What are the functions of the cells found on the epithelium of the trachea/windpipe?

A
  1. Gland cells- secrete mucus to trap dust particles and bacteria.
  2. Ciliated cells - have cilia on their surfaces to sweep dust trapped mucus up the trachea.
17
Q

What is the difference between the glottis and epiglottis ?

A
  1. Epiglottis - cartilage found at top of trachea to close trachea and stop food going down trachea when one swallows.
  2. Glottis - opening from pharynx to trachea.
18
Q

How are the lungs adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A
  1. Numerous alveoli provide huge SA.
  2. Alveolus wall one cell thick. Provide short D for gas diffusion, hence higher diffusion rate.
  3. Thin film of moisture covering alveoli allows O2 to diffuse in it.
  4. Walls of alveoli surrounded by capillaries. Flow of blood remains conc. gradient of gases.
19
Q

Describe the structure of a bronchiole and it’s function.

A
  1. Tiny tube from bronchus that has cluster of air sacs/ alveoli at its end.
  2. Transport blood to alveoli
20
Q

How is the O2 and CO2 concentration gradient between the alveolar air and blood maintained by?

A
  1. Continuous flow of blood through blood capillaries.

2. Movement of air in and out of alveoli, caused by breathing.

21
Q

How is O2 absorbed in your lungs?

A
  1. 1 cell thick alveolar wall separating capillaries from alveolar air is permeable to O2 and CO2.
  2. As A air contains higher conc of O2 than blood, O2 diffuse in moisture lining A walls then diffuse into capillaries.
  3. O2 + haemoglobin in RBC to form oxyhemoglobin( reversible reaction).
  4. When blood pass though O2 poor tissues, O2 haemoglobin releases O2 which diffuse through walls of capillaries into cells of tissues.
22
Q

How is CO2 removed from your lungs?

A
  1. Tissue cells produce CO2 because of AR.
  2. CO2 diffuse into blood and enter RBC when blood passes through.
  3. CO2+ water in RBC to form carbonic acid. Reaction catalysed by carbonic anhydrase(in RBC)
  4. CA converted to hydrogencarbonate ions which diffuse out of RBC into plasma.
  5. In lungs, HC ions diffuse back into RBC where they are converted into CA, then water and CO2.
  6. CO2 diffuse out of capillaries and into alveoli where CO2 conc is low.
23
Q

What happens when you inspire/inhale?

A
  1. Diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens, increasing vol of thorax.
  2. External intercostal muscles contract while internal intercostal muscles relax.
  3. Ribs move upwards and outwards, sternum upward and forward.
  4. Vol of thoracic cavity increases.
  5. Lungs expand, pressure inside them decreases as vol increases.
  6. As atmospheric pressure is higher than pressure inside lungs, AA forces into lungs.
24
Q

What happens when you expire/ exhale?

A
  1. Diaphragm muscles relax and diaphragm arches upwards.
  2. Interval intercostal muscles contracts while EI relaxes.
  3. Ribs move downwards and inwards. Sternum moves to original position.
  4. Vol of thoracic cavity decreases causing pressure to increase.
  5. Pressure within lungs higher than AP, air forced out of lungs to environment.
25
Q

Describe what happens if one gets chronic bronchitis.

A
  1. Epithelium lining of air passages becomes inflamed.
  2. Excessive mucus secreted by epithelium.
  3. Cilia on epithelium paralyses. Mucus and dust particles cannot be removed.
  4. Air passages become blocked, making breathing difficult.
  5. Persistent coughing to clear air passages, to breathe. Increases risk of getting lung infections.
26
Q

What happens when one gets emphysema?

A
  1. Alveolar walls broken down due to violent coughing.
  2. Reduces SA for gaseous exchange.
  3. Lungs become inflated with air, lose elasticity.
  4. Breathing becomes difficult.

Biology (10 decks)

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