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Biology > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

0
Q

What are some example of single sugars/ monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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1
Q

Why are nutrients needed by the human body?

A

1) Supply energy
2) Promote body growth
3) Repair body tissues
4) Regulate body functions

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2
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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3
Q

Why do monosaccharides not have to be broken down any further?

A

They are small enough to pass through cell membrane and absorbed through bloodstream.

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4
Q

Why do glucose, fructose and galactose have the same chemical formulae but have different chemical and biological properties?

A

Their atoms are arranged differently within molecules.

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5
Q

Where is galactose found in?

A

It is a milk sugar in mammals.

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6
Q

Where is fructose found in?

A

It is a single sugar.
Commonly found in plants.
Rare in animals.

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7
Q

What is a disaccharide molecule made up of?

A

2 molecules of simple sugars condensed together.

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8
Q

What are some common disaccharides?

A

Sucrose.
Lactose.
Maltose.

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9
Q

Where is sucrose found in?

A

Sugarcane stems.
Sweet fruits.
Certain storage roots e.g carrot

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10
Q

What is sucrose made up of?

A

A molecule of glucose and fructose combined together through condensation reaction.

Glucose plus fructose equals to sucrose and water.

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11
Q

Where is lactose found in?

A

Found in the milk of all mammals.

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12
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

A molecule of glucose and galactose combined together through condensation reaction.

Glucose plus galactose equals lactose and water

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13
Q

Where is maltose found in?

A

Malted cereals and sprouting grains

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14
Q

How is maltose formed?

A

From partial digestion of starch and is a combination of 2 glucose molecules combined together through condensation reaction.

Glucose plus glucose equals maltose and water.

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15
Q

Define ‘condensation reaction’.

A

Reaction in which 2 simple molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the removal of 1 water molecule.

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16
Q

How can complex sugars be split?

A

Complex sugars can be split into simple sugars by heating it with acids or by treating it with an enzyme.

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17
Q

Define ‘Hydrolysis/Hydrolytic reaction’.

A

Reaction whereby a water molecule is needed to split a complex molecule into simpler ones.

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18
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Long chain made up of many monosaccharides.

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19
Q

Define ‘polymerization’

A

Process of condensing many similar molecules to form a large molecule.

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20
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides?

A

Starch.
Cellulose.
Glycogen.

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21
Q

What is starch made of?

A

A very large number of glucose molecules condensed together through condensation reaction.

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22
Q

How is starch hydrolysed by an acid?

A

The bonds are broken and glucose units are released.

23
Q

How can starch be partially hydrolysed?

A

Amylase can be used to digest starch to maltose.

24
Q

How can you obtain glucose from maltose?

A

Maltose can be hydrolysed by maltase or by heating with acid to produce glucose.

25
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a.k.a animal starch, is storage form of carbohydrates in animals as well as in fungi, but not plants.

26
Q

Where is glycogen stored in?

A

Mainly stored in liver and in muscles of animals.

27
Q

How is glycogen formed?

A

When numerous glucose molecules condenses.

28
Q

What is the structural difference between starch and glycogen?

A

Starch is straight chained polysaccharides made up of glucose, whereas glycogen is a branched molecule.

29
Q

Name 2 examples of storage molecules that are made up of many repeating units of glucose.

A

Starch and glycogen.

30
Q

Why are both glycogen and starch suitable as storage materials?

A

1) Insoluble in water - does not change water potential in cells.
2) Large- will not diffuse across cell membrane and thus not easily lost.
3) Compact in shape- occupy less space within cell

31
Q

How is cellulose similar to starch?

A

Both are long chains of glucose units but the linkages are different and hence their chemical properties are different.

32
Q

Why is cellulose passed out as faeces in man?

A

Cellulose is inert and cannot be readily digested by man. Hence it forms bulk of undigested matter.

33
Q

When will the body use protein as a source of energy?

A

Proteins are used as respiratory substrates only when carbohydrates and fats are in short supply, such as during starvation.

34
Q

Why does the body uses carbohydrates as its first source of energy?

A

It is more difficult to hydrolyse/ oxidize fats and proteins than carbohydrates.

35
Q

What is the importance of water?

A

1) Use as biological solvent- medium where chemical reactions occur.
2) As reagent in digestion or hydrolysis of food.
3) As transport medium for waste, digested food and hormones.
4) For heat loss(regulation of body temperature)

36
Q

Why do many invertebrates, desert living mammals and some birds not need to drink water?

A

They produce enough ‘metabolic water’ in the breakdown of food.

37
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.

38
Q

What is glucose converted to for long term storage?

A

Fats.

39
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates?

A 
Sugars
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin(Arthropods)
40
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. Source of energy
  2. Form supporting structures
  3. To be converted into other organic compounds.
  4. Formation of nucleus acid
  5. Synthesis lubricants
  6. Produce nectar in some flowers.
41
Q

What are the 2 types of sugars?

A

Simple monosaccharides sugars and complex disaccharide sugars.

42
Q

Which elements are fats made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

43
Q

How can fats be split?

A

By hydrolysis. Fats plus water is hydrolysed to obtain fatty acids and glycerol.

44
Q

What is the difference between fat and oil ?

A

Fat refers to solid state.

Oil refers to liquid state.

45
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat?

A

Saturated fats occur in animals.

Unsaturated fats occur in vegetables.

46
Q

What are the functions of fats?

A
  1. Store of energy
  2. Efficient energy source
  3. Insulating material
  4. Solvent for fat soluble vitamins
  5. Secretion of sebum
47
Q

What at proteins made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Sulphur and phosphorus often present.

48
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

An organic molecule with an amino group(-NH2) and a carboxyl group(-COOH)

49
Q

How are proteins formed?

A

When amino acids combined together through condensation reaction, leading to formation of peptide linkages/ peptide bond.

50
Q

What is a dipeptide?

A

Compound formed through reaction of acid group (-COOH) of one amino acid with amino group (-HNH) of another amino acid, forming peptide bond.

51
Q

What is a polypeptide/ peptones?

A

Many amino acids joining together to form a long peptide chain.

52
Q

What is protein?

A

A long chain of polypeptide with many amino acids.

53
Q

What happens if one amino acid of a protein is changed?

A

Position of amino acids is vital. Changing position can alter identity of whole protein, can cause severe consequences. E.g sickle cell anaemia.

54
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

Amino acids that are not synthesized by body and thus needs to be obtained from food.

55
Q

What are non essential amino acids?

A

Amino acid that can be synthesized by the animal

56
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  1. Synthesis of protoplasm
  2. Growth and repair of worn out body cells.
  3. Synthesis of enzymes and hormones.
  4. Formation of antibodies to combat diseases
  5. Source of energy(last resort).

Biology (10 decks)

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