transport in humanz Flashcards
composition of the blood
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
- plasma
plasma
transports CO2, glucose, amino acids, vitamins (digested food), urea, hormones, heat energy etc
WHAT PICKED UP AT TAKEN TO
CO2 every cell lungs
digested food sml. intestine every cell
urea liver kidneys
hormones glands target organs
heat every respiring cell everywhere/ skin
platelets
involved in BLOOD CLOTTING
prevents blood loss and entry of pathogens
lymphocytes
white blood cells
produces ANTIBODIES
labels PATHOGENS so they get destroyed
phagocytes
white blood cells
ENGULF + DIGEST PATHOGENS, microorganisms etc
red blood cells
contains HAEMOGLOBIN- bind to oxygen at lungs and release at cells
TRANSPORTS O2
have no nucleus- more room for haemoglobin
BICONCAVE STRUCTURE- produces larger SURFACE AREA for faster absorption and release of oxygen
are flexible- allows to squeeze through capillaries
without= wont respire (full of lactic acid)
be very cold
body blood circulation
—INSERT DIAGRAM
vena cava- deoxygenated blood into heart
pulmonary artery- deoxygenated blood out heart into lungs
aorta- oxygenated blood out of heart (to head and body)
pulmonary vein-oxygenated blood to heart out of lungs
hepatic artery- oxygenated into liver from heart
hepatic vein- out of liver to heart
hepatic portal vein- small intestines to liver
renal artery- to kidneys
renal vein- out of kidneys to heart
arteries AWAY from heart vein IN (back) to heart
pulmonary= lungs renal= kidneys hepatic= liver
vaccinations
- an injection containing dead or weakened cells from the illness ts vaccinating against
- vaccination pathogens enter body
- white blood cells detects pathogens
- lymphocytes produce antibodies accordingly
- label and lock onto pathogens
- memory cells can detect and produce correct antibodies quicker.
immune system
- white blood cells detect pathogens due to foreign antigens on their surface
- phagocytes engulf and digest
- lymphocytes produce antibodies that math shape of pathogens antigens
- antibodies bind and label to antigens
- lymphocytes produce memory cells
heart structure
INSERT DIAGRAM
experiment how exercise affects breathing depth
CHANGE- breathing before and after exercise
ORGANISM- keep the gander and age of individuals the same
REPEATS- 1 time for each person
MEASURE- measure breathing depth (using LUNG VOLUME BAGS and WATER DISPLACEMENT TANKS)
MEASURE- the difference before and after exercise
SAME- same people doing exercise
- same room conditions
- same exercise
- period of time of exercsie
the more exercise you do, the deeper your breaths are, meaning more water is displaced.
when you exercise our muscles contract, which requires more energy. we get our energy from aerobic respiration, so you need oxygen.
when we exercise we use up energy faster so we need to make more.
we need more oxygen to make more energy, so we take bigger/ deeper breaths.
how the heart rate changes under the influence of adrenaline
the hormone adrenaline is released when you have a strong emotion, eg scared
it increases heart rate because it prepares the body for action
and so the muscles need a good supply of oxygen
(+ glucose) for respiration
so the adrenaline increases the heart rate
sending more oxygen to the muscles
so they can FIGHT OR FLIGHT.
arteries
- large so can carry lots of blood
- have a THICK LAYER OF MUSCLE so they don’t burst when a pulse of blood enters and increases pressure
capillaries
- small so they can get closer to cells
- have walls only ONE CELL THICK sp oxygen can diffuse faster
veins
- theyre bigger so they can carry lots of blood to the heart
- have a wide LUMEN to reduce FRICTION (blood is at very low pressure travelling slow)
- have VALVES to not let blood flow in the other direction
