Transport In Human

Question 0

Describe circulatory system

Answer 0

A system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one way flow of blood
Make up of blood, heart and blood vessels

Question 1

What is artery

Answer 1

Blood vessel that carry blood away from the hearts to organ

Question 2

What is vein

Answer 2

The blood vessel that carry blood back to the heart

Question 3

What is capillary

Answer 3

The smallest blood vessel that connect arteries to veins

Cells are very close to the capillaries -> receive a good supply of oxygen and food material

Question 4

What is septum

Answer 4

A thick wall of muscle that separates the two halves of the heart
It stops blood of the two halves from mixing with each other

Question 5

Describe the right side of the heart

Answer 5

Pumps back to the lungs and back
The pressure required to force blood to the lungs: Low pressure since there is no resistance
Gas exchange occur as blood flow through capillaries in the lungs. Blood absorbs O2 and loses co2
The blood that flows from the lungs and back is oxygenated

Question 6

Describe the left side of the heart

Answer 6

Pumps blood to the rest of the body
High pressure when blood leaves
Oxygen leaves the blood and carbon dioxide enters
Blood that flow back to the heart is deoxygenated

Question 7

Describe the structure of chamber in the heart

Answer 7

On each side there are two chamber
The upper one : atrium
The lower one : ventricle
The muscular on the left side (left ventricle) is thicker than on the right because it has to travel further distance

Question 8

Describe vena cava

Answer 8

Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from body to heart

Question 9

Describe pulmonary vein

Answer 9

Carry oxygenated blood form lungs to heart

Question 10

Describe pulmonary arteries

Answer 10

Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lung

Question 11

Describe aorta

Answer 11

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to body

Question 12

Blood vessel from the kidney

Answer 12

Renal vein

Question 13

Blood vessel to the kidney

Answer 13

Renal artery

Question 14

Blood vessel from the liver

Answer 14

Hepatic vein

Question 15

Blood vessel to the liver

Answer 15

Hepatic portal vein (from the small intestine)

Hepatic artery

Question 16

Blood vessel to the lung

Answer 16

Pulmonary artery

Question 17

Blood vessel from the lung

Answer 17

Pulmonary vein

Question 18

Describe function and structure of artery

Answer 18

Transport high pressure blood away from the heart
Walls have a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre to withstand the pressure
Elastic fibre help expand and relax to help push blood along and maintaining its pressure to prevent blood flowing backward . This causes pulse
Narrow lumens and varies with heartbeat

Question 19

Describe function and structure of vein

Answer 19

Wide lumen
Thinner, less muscular and less elastic wall as low pressure
Blood flows slightly slower -> risk of blood back flow -> have valves
Nearer to the surface of the skin than artery
Pulse is not detectable bc of low pressur

Question 20

Describe function and structure of capillaries

Answer 20

Smallest blood vessel, allow substances to diffuse into cell
Get blood from the arteries as close to as possible to the tissue in order to exchange material with cells
Links artery with vein
One cell thick - narrow - a red blood cell can only just squeeze through
This is to reduce diffusion distance and allows more efficient exchange of material
Pores in wall to allow plasma to get out
Highly branch -> high s.a
Constantly supplied with fresh blood, keeping constant concentration gradient
Blood flow slowly -> time for substance exchange

Question 21

Transfer of material between capillaries and tissue fluid

Answer 21

Blood reaches body tissue, some of the constituent of the plasma move out through small gaps in the capillary walls to form the tissue fluid that surrounds the cells
White blood cell can change shape -> able to squeeze out
Tissue fluid provide a stable environment to help substance to diffuse into and out of cells
Most of tissue fluid then passes back into the blood capillaries

Question 22

Component of blood

Answer 22

Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet and plasma

Question 23

Function of red blood cell

Answer 23

Contain hemoglobin and is used for oxygen transport

Have no nuclei, look red bs they have red pigment haemoglobin

Question 24

Function of white blood cell

Answer 24

Protect the body from pathogen, phagocytosis and antibody formation

Question 25

Function of platelet

Answer 25

Blood clotting

Question 26

Function of plasma

Answer 26

Transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrient, hormones, co2, urea and plasma protein

Question 27

Describe lymphocyte

Answer 27

Have large nucleus produced in lymph node Kill bacteria by secreting antibodies and antitoxin which kill the pathogen directly or make them easier to kill When a bacterium or virus enters the body, the lymphocyte recognize that is is foreign and should not be there Don't digest pathogen Form memory cells forma rapid response to future infection

Question 28

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 28

Phagocyte are bacteria that ingest pathogen, they don't produce antibodies They surround the pathogen and engulf them into food vacuole They then digest them by using enzyme and this kills them

Question 29

What is an antigen

Answer 29

A protein or carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen which provokes the immune system

Question 30

Describe lymphatic system

Answer 30

About a tenth of the tissue fluid enter a separate system of capillaries call lymph capillaries Once inside, they are called lymph They return tissue fluid to the blood and produce white blood cells lymphocyte at the lymph nodes The lymphatic vessel takes the lymph to the blood stream by secreting them in a vein near the heart, call subclavian vein

Question 31

Describe blood clotting

Answer 31

When the skin is cut, blood start leaking, when platelet on contact with air, they turn fibrinogen into threads of fibrin (insoluble) which form a net of fibers Red blood cells get trapped in these thread to make the clot which seals the cut Clot dries and garden and new skin grow underneath

Question 32

Function of valve

Answer 32

Make sure blood does not flow backwards away from the heart

Question 33

How the heart operates

Answer 33

Blood empties into atrium from veins Atriums contract, they pump blood into ventricles, which have much more muscular wall Ventricles contract, they pump blood out into the arteries at higher pressure Between each ventricle and atrium is a valve to prevent the blood flowing back into the atrium when ventricles contract The ventricles have more muscular walls than the atriums because they have to pump blood much further

Question 34

Aortic valve

Answer 34

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

Question 35

Pulmonary valve

Answer 35

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Question 36

Tricuspid valve

Answer 36

Between right atrium and ventricle

Question 37

Mitral valve

Answer 37

Between left atrium and ventricle

Question 38

Effect of physical activity on pulse rate

Answer 38

The heart beat more quickly and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the muscles