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Biology (cowy) > Transport In Human > Flashcards

Transport In Human Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe circulatory system

A

A system of tubes with a pump and valves to ensure one way flow of blood
Make up of blood, heart and blood vessels

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1
Q

What is artery

A

Blood vessel that carry blood away from the hearts to organ

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2
Q

What is vein

A

The blood vessel that carry blood back to the heart

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3
Q

What is capillary

A

The smallest blood vessel that connect arteries to veins

Cells are very close to the capillaries -> receive a good supply of oxygen and food material

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4
Q

What is septum

A

A thick wall of muscle that separates the two halves of the heart
It stops blood of the two halves from mixing with each other

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5
Q

Describe the right side of the heart

A

Pumps back to the lungs and back
The pressure required to force blood to the lungs: Low pressure since there is no resistance
Gas exchange occur as blood flow through capillaries in the lungs. Blood absorbs O2 and loses co2
The blood that flows from the lungs and back is oxygenated

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6
Q

Describe the left side of the heart

A

Pumps blood to the rest of the body
High pressure when blood leaves
Oxygen leaves the blood and carbon dioxide enters
Blood that flow back to the heart is deoxygenated

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7
Q

Describe the structure of chamber in the heart

A

On each side there are two chamber
The upper one : atrium
The lower one : ventricle
The muscular on the left side (left ventricle) is thicker than on the right because it has to travel further distance

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8
Q

Describe vena cava

A

Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from body to heart

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9
Q

Describe pulmonary vein

A

Carry oxygenated blood form lungs to heart

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10
Q

Describe pulmonary arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lung

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11
Q

Describe aorta

A

Carry oxygenated blood from heart to body

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12
Q

Blood vessel from the kidney

A

Renal vein

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13
Q

Blood vessel to the kidney

A

Renal artery

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14
Q

Blood vessel from the liver

A

Hepatic vein

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15
Q

Blood vessel to the liver

A

Hepatic portal vein (from the small intestine)

Hepatic artery

16
Q

Blood vessel to the lung

A

Pulmonary artery

17
Q

Blood vessel from the lung

A

Pulmonary vein

18
Q

Describe function and structure of artery

A

Transport high pressure blood away from the heart
Walls have a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibre to withstand the pressure
Elastic fibre help expand and relax to help push blood along and maintaining its pressure to prevent blood flowing backward . This causes pulse
Narrow lumens and varies with heartbeat

19
Q

Describe function and structure of vein

A

Wide lumen
Thinner, less muscular and less elastic wall as low pressure
Blood flows slightly slower -> risk of blood back flow -> have valves
Nearer to the surface of the skin than artery
Pulse is not detectable bc of low pressur

20
Q

Describe function and structure of capillaries

A

Smallest blood vessel, allow substances to diffuse into cell
Get blood from the arteries as close to as possible to the tissue in order to exchange material with cells
Links artery with vein
One cell thick - narrow - a red blood cell can only just squeeze through
This is to reduce diffusion distance and allows more efficient exchange of material
Pores in wall to allow plasma to get out
Highly branch -> high s.a
Constantly supplied with fresh blood, keeping constant concentration gradient
Blood flow slowly -> time for substance exchange

21
Q

Transfer of material between capillaries and tissue fluid

A

Blood reaches body tissue, some of the constituent of the plasma move out through small gaps in the capillary walls to form the tissue fluid that surrounds the cells
White blood cell can change shape -> able to squeeze out
Tissue fluid provide a stable environment to help substance to diffuse into and out of cells
Most of tissue fluid then passes back into the blood capillaries

22
Q

Component of blood

A

Red blood cell, white blood cell, platelet and plasma

23
Q

Function of red blood cell

A

Contain hemoglobin and is used for oxygen transport

Have no nuclei, look red bs they have red pigment haemoglobin

24
Q

Function of white blood cell

A

Protect the body from pathogen, phagocytosis and antibody formation

25
Q

Function of platelet

A

Blood clotting

26
Q

Function of plasma

A

Transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrient, hormones, co2, urea and plasma protein

27
Q

Describe lymphocyte

A

Have large nucleus
produced in lymph node
Kill bacteria by secreting antibodies and antitoxin which kill the pathogen directly or make them easier to kill
When a bacterium or virus enters the body, the lymphocyte recognize that is is foreign and should not be there
Don’t digest pathogen
Form memory cells forma rapid response to future infection

28
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte are bacteria that ingest pathogen, they don’t produce antibodies
They surround the pathogen and engulf them into food vacuole
They then digest them by using enzyme and this kills them

29
Q

What is an antigen

A

A protein or carbohydrate on the surface of the pathogen which provokes the immune system

30
Q

Describe lymphatic system

A

About a tenth of the tissue fluid enter a separate system of capillaries call lymph capillaries
Once inside, they are called lymph
They return tissue fluid to the blood and produce white blood cells lymphocyte at the lymph nodes
The lymphatic vessel takes the lymph to the blood stream by secreting them in a vein near the heart, call subclavian vein

31
Q

Describe blood clotting

A

When the skin is cut, blood start leaking, when platelet on contact with air, they turn fibrinogen into threads of fibrin (insoluble) which form a net of fibers
Red blood cells get trapped in these thread to make the clot which seals the cut
Clot dries and garden and new skin grow underneath

32
Q

Function of valve

A

Make sure blood does not flow backwards away from the heart

33
Q

How the heart operates

A

Blood empties into atrium from veins
Atriums contract, they pump blood into ventricles, which have much more muscular wall
Ventricles contract, they pump blood out into the arteries at higher pressure
Between each ventricle and atrium is a valve to prevent the blood flowing back into the atrium when ventricles contract
The ventricles have more muscular walls than the atriums because they have to pump blood much further

34
Q

Aortic valve

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

35
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

36
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Between right atrium and ventricle

37
Q

Mitral valve

A

Between left atrium and ventricle

38
Q

Effect of physical activity on pulse rate

A

The heart beat more quickly and more deeply, for an increased circulation of blood so that more oxygen and glucose can get to the muscles

Biology (cowy) (6 decks)

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