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Biology (cowy) > Section 2: Organisation And Maintenance Of The Organism > Flashcards

Section 2: Organisation And Maintenance Of The Organism Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe the structure of plant cell

A

Have cellulose wall
Permanent shape determined by the cell wall
Chloroplasts present in some cells
Large permanent vacuole containing cell sao
Nucleus at the side of the cell

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1
Q

What are living organisms made of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

Describe the structure of animal cell

A 
No cellulose wall
Shapes vary as there is no cell wall
No chloroplasts
Small vacuole, do not contain cell sao
Nucleus found anywhere within the cell
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3
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
Keeps contents of cell inside
Allow simple substances to enter and leave
Controls movement of other substances into and out
Partially permeable

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4
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

Stores starch

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5
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls all activities in the cell

Controls ho cell develop

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6
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Place where chemical reactions take place

Eg. Respiration and making proteins for the cell

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7
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Stops cells from bursting when they fill with water
Gives shape to cells
Fully permeable

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8
Q

Function of sap vacuole

A

Full of water to maintain shape and firmness of cell

Stores salts and sugars

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9
Q

Describes ciliated cells

A

Found in the the air passages in the lungs
Have cilia on their surfaces
Cilia beat back and forth to create a current in the fluid next to the cell surfaces
Move the mucus that traps dust and pathogens up the nose and throat

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10
Q

Describe root hair cell

A

Function: absorb water and ions from the soil

Have elongated shape and long extension for more surface area

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11
Q

Describe xylem vessel

A

Cylindrical and empty
Arranged into columns like pipe
The cell walls are thickened with bands or spirals of cellulose and a waterproof material called lignin
This cell allow water and ions to move from the roots to the rest of the plant and support the stem and leaves
No cytoplasm so water passes freely

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12
Q

describe muscle cells

A

Make up fibre that are able to shorten or contract
When contract they move bones at joints
Function: contract to get structure closer together

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13
Q

Describe red blood cell

A

Contain the protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen
Shaped like flattened disc
This shape provides a large surface area which makes for efficient absorption of oxygen
No nucleus
Biconcave shape

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14
Q

Define tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform specific functions

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15
Q

Define organ

A

A structure made up a group of tissues, working together to perform specific functions

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16
Q

Define organs system

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions

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17
Q

Define cell

A

The smallest part of a living structures that can operate as an independent unit

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18
Q

How to calculate size of specimen

A

Actual size= image size: magnification

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19
Q

Define diffusion

A

Net movement of molecules from a region of their higher concentration to a eg ion of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement

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20
Q

What is passive movement?

A

When cells do not need to use energy to move the molecules

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21
Q

Define active transport

A

Movement of ions in or out of a cell through the cell membrane, from a region of their lower concentration to region of their higher concentration against a concentration gradient , using energy released during respiration

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22
Q

Define osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules from a region of their higher concentration (dilute) to a region of their lower concentration (concentrated), through a partly permeable membrane

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23
Q

What happen if plant cells are placed into a concentrated sugar solution?

A

Water passes out by osmosis
These cells are no longer firm - become flaccid
As the vacuole shrinks, the cell membrane moves away from the cell wall
The cell is now plasmolysed

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24
Q

What happen when animal cells is put in distiller water

A

Water passes into the cell by osmosis

Animal cells have no cell wall to stop them swelling so they burst

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25
Q

What happen when animal cells is put into a concentrated salt solution

A

They shrink as water passes out of the cells by osmosis

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26
Q

What is water potential gradient

A

The ability of water to move by osmosis which influenced by how much water is available

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27
Q

What is catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction

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28
Q

What is enzymes?

A

Proteins that function as biological catalyst

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29
Q

4 important properties of enzymes

A

They are all proteins
Each enzyme catalysts one reaction
They can be used again and again
They are influenced by temperature and ph

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30
Q

What is substrate?

A

Substances that enzymes work on

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31
Q

What is active site?

A

The reaction takes place on part of the surface of the enzyme

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32
Q

Describe the lock and key model

A 
Only a substrate molecule with a shape that fits into the active sit will take part in the reaction catalyze by this enzymes
Other substrate= wrong shape -> don't take part in reaction
The substrate (key) must have a shape that fits exactly into the active site ( key hole) of the enzyme (lock)
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33
Q

What is optimum temperature

A

The temperature at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs

34
Q

Effect of high temperature on enzymes

A

High temperature -> greater kinetic energy -> move around more quickly -> mor chances of colliding -> the substrate bind to the active site and the reaction take place in less time

35
Q

When do enzymes denature?

A

At higher temperature than optimum temperature, the bonds holding the enzyme molecule together start to break down
The active site change shape and substrate no longer fit and the enzyme can no longer catalyze the reaction

36
Q

Effect of ph on enzymes

A

The enzymes can denature if the ph is too low or too high

Enzymes have an optimum pH too

37
Q

What is complex carbohydrate

A

Form by joining 3 or more simple sugar molecules together by chemical bond
They are insoluble and not sweet
Eg. Starch and glycogen

38
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

39
Q

What elements make up protein ?

A 
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Some have Sulfur
40
Q

What is protein?

A

A long chain molecules make up of smaller molecules called amino acids
Each individual amino acid joins the chain by a chemical bond called a peptide bonds

41
Q

What elements make up fat

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

42
Q

What molecules make up fat?

A

1 molecule oh glycerol and attached to this are 3 fatty acids
Use for energy storage and thermal insulation in body

43
Q

How do we test for starch?

A

Put 2-3 drops of iodine solution (yellow/light brown)
✅ solution turns blue-black
❌ remains the original color

44
Q

How do we test for protein?

A

5-6 drops of biuret solution
✅ purple/violet or lilac
❌ remains blue

45
Q

How do we test for fats?

A

Add ethanol
✅ white emulsion which is cloudy white/ milky color
❌ nothing happen

46
Q

How do we test for reducing sugar

A

Add a few drops of benedict’s solution and heat for 2-3 minutes
✅ green: contains little, deep orange: contains a lot
❌stay bright blue color

47
Q

Source and importance of carbohydrates

A

Provide a ready source of energy that is easily respired
Sugars are absorbed immediately into the blood and give an immediate source of energy
Source: rice, potatoes, bread, sugar

48
Q

Source and importance of fat

A

Long term energy store
Store under the skin and around the heart and kidney
When we are short of energy our body uses fat
Good thermal insulator and cut down heat loss
Building material
Buoyancy to marine animal
Source: butter, cheese, nut

49
Q

Source and importance of protein

A

Make new cells for grow and develop and repair
For energy
Source: meat, fish, milk

50
Q

Source and importance of vitamin C

A

Tissue repair
Resistance to disease
Source: oranges, lemons, pineapple
Production of fibre

51
Q

Source and importance of vitamin D

A

Absorption of calcium
Strengthens bones and teeth
Source: fish oil, milk, butter

52
Q

Source and importance of calcium

A

Strengthen bones and teeth

Source: green vegetables, milk, fish

53
Q

Source and importance of iron

A

Used in formation of hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport of oxygen
Source: meat, eggs, liver

54
Q

Source and importance of fibre

A

Made up of cellulose
Provides bulk for fences, helps peristalsis
Prevent constipation
Absorbs poisonous wastes from bacteria in gut
Reduces the risk of heart disease and bowel cancer
Source: cereals, cabbage, sweet corn

55
Q

Source and importance of water

A 
Die in a few day without water
Chemical reactions to take place in solutions
Water in sweat cool us down
Solvent for transport
Source: drinks, food
56
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

A

Scurvy - bleeding gum
Pale skin
Sunken eyes

57
Q

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D

A

Rickets (legs bow outward)

Soft bones

58
Q

Deficiency symptoms of calcium

A

Rickets, weak and brittle bones and teeth, muscle weakness and cramps

59
Q

Deficiency symptoms of iron

A

Tiredness

Lack of energy - anaemia

60
Q

Define photosynthesis

A

Fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light

61
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —(light+chlorophyll)—> glucose + oxygen

62
Q

Balanced equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —light +chlorophyll—> C6H2O6 + 6O2

63
Q

Describe the intake of water

A

Water enters through root hair cells
Water goes into roots by osmosis
Water transport through the root to the rest of the plant and is transported up by xylem tube

64
Q

Describe the intake of carbon dioxide

A

Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by having a large surface area, and contain stomata to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leave

65
Q

Function of chlorophyll

A

Trap slight energy and converts it into chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage

66
Q

Define limiting factor

A

Something present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life process

67
Q

3 factors that limit the speed of Photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Carbon dioxide concentration
Temperature

68
Q

describe one way to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide

A

Pump CO2 into glasshouse

Burn butane or natural gas

69
Q

What is optimum temperature?

A

The point when maximum rate of photosynthesis occurs

Higher temperature -> rate of photosynthesis decease bc the enzymes in the chloroplast denatured

70
Q

describe leaf structure

A

A large surface area to absorbs light
Thin shape so gases can diffuse easily
Many chloroplast to absorb light for the reactions that take place in photosynthesis
Have veins to carry water & ions and take sucrose and amino acids away from the leaf

71
Q

Describe cuticle

A

Made of wax - water proof -> stop any loss of water

Secreted by cells of the upper epidermis

72
Q

Describe the upper epidermis

A

Thin and transparent -> let light through
No chloroplast
Barrier to disease organism to protect the cell below

73
Q

Describe the palisade mesophyll

A

Main region for photosynthesis
Close to the top - get a lot of light
Cells are long and packed with chloroplast to trap light energy
Receive co2 fro, air spaces in spongy mesophyll by diffusion

74
Q

Describe the spongy mesophyll

A

Cells are irregular shape and loosely packed to create air space
Contain less chloroplast than palisade
Air spaces between cells allow gaseous exchange by diffusion
Lower so get less sunlight

75
Q

Describe the vascular bundle

A

The leaf vein, made up of Xylem and phloem
Xylem: water and mineral
Phloem: sugar and amino acid
Water is absorbed from the soil through osmosis
Water moves up the plant due to evaporate at the leave
This is called transpiration
Support the plant

76
Q

Describe lower epidermis

A

Acts as a protective layers
Stomata are present to regulate the loss of water vapor
Site of gaseous exchange into and out of the leaf

77
Q

Stomata

A

Surrounded by pair of guard cells which control whether the stomata is open or close
Water pass out during transpiration
Co2 diffuse in and O2 diffuse out during photosynthesis - gas exchange

78
Q

The important of nitrate ions

A

For protein synthesis
Nitrates ion from the soil combine with glucose to form amino acids
Amino acids bond together to creat protein

79
Q

Deficiency of nitrate ion?

A

Poor growth, weak stem,leaves become yellow, lower leaves, and pale green, upper leaves

80
Q

Importance of magnesium ions for plant

A

For chlorophyll synthesis

each chlorophyll contains 1 mg atom

81
Q

Deficiency of magnesium in plant?

A

Leaves turn yellow from the bottom of the stem upwards and eventually stop photosynthesis

82
Q

Uses of nitrogen fertilizer for plant?

A

Fertilizer replace the missing nutrients
Helps grow faster, increase in size and become greener, healthier, increase crop yield
Provide nitrogen in the form of nitrate ions, or ammonium ions needed for protein synthesis

83
Q

Danger of overusing nitrogen fertilizer

A

Eutrophication - nitrogen leaches out of soil and enter a nearby river (cause by rain). Create a layer of green algae on the surface -> lack of light -> Aqua plant can’t photosynthesis -> plant die. Decompose multiply and respite using O2 -> death of Aqua animal from lack of O2

Biology (cowy) (6 decks)

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