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Biology > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

why are specialised transport systems needed in animals?

A
  • High metabolic demands
  • Small SA:V ratio
  • Transport of molecules, food and waste products
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of circulatory systems?

A

Open and closed

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3
Q

What are the features of an open circulatory system?

A
  • Blood comes into direct contact with cells

- Few vessels

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4
Q

What’s a haemocoel?

A

Body cavity of an animals

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5
Q

What organisms are open circulatory systems mainly found in?

A

Insects

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6
Q

What are the features of a closed circulatory system?

A
  • Blood is enclosed in blood vessels

- Blood doesn’t come into direct contact with cells

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7
Q

What organisms are closed circulatory systems mainly found in?

A

Fish/mammals

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of closed circulatory system?

A

Single and double

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9
Q

How does a single closed circulatory system work?

A

Blood only travels through the heart once in every circuit around the body

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10
Q

Give an example of an organism that has a single closed circulatory system

A

Fish

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11
Q

Which organisms use a double closed circulatory system?

A

Most mammals

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12
Q

Explain the 2 circulations in a double closed circulatory system?

A
  • Blood travels through the heart twice per circuit
  • Oxygenated around body
  • Deoxygenated to lungs
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13
Q

What is the name of the circulation that carries blood to the lungs in a double closed circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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14
Q

What is the name of the circulation that carries blood to the rest of the body in a double closed circulatory system?

A

Systemic circulation

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15
Q

When O2 binds loosely to haemoglobin, what forms?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

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16
Q

Write the balanced equation for haemoglobin binding to oxygen

A

Hb + 4O₂ Hb(O₂)₄

17
Q

Explain the process of oxygen binding to haemoglobin

A
  • Erythrocytes enter capillaries in the lungs
  • Oxygen from alveoli diffuses into erythrocyte and binds to Hb
  • Positive cooperativity occurs
  • Steep diffusion gradient is maintained until all the Hb is saturated with O2
18
Q

What is positive cooperativity?

A

The previous O2 molecule gives an increased affinity for the next one

19
Q

What is affinity?

A

How easy Hb is able to associate with O2

20
Q

What does saturated refer to?

A

the number of O2 molecules associated with Hb

21
Q

How does Hb release O2?

A
  • Conc of O2 in cytoplasm is lower than in erythrocyte
  • O2 diffuses out of erythrocyte
  • Once first molecule is released, Hb changes shape to give easier removal of further molecules
22
Q

What is plotted on an O2 dissociation curve?

A
  • Percentage saturation

- Partial pressure of O2

23
Q

What are the units for partial pressure of O2?

A

PO₂/kPa

24
Q

Explain the oxygen dissociation curve

A
  • Low affinity for 1st O2 molecule at low pressure
  • As pressure increases so does affinity (positive cooperativity)
  • At highest pressure, most binding sites are occupied so no more O2 molecules can bind
25
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

As the partial pressure of CO2 rises, Hb gives up O2 more easily

26
Q

Where does a foetus get its O2 from?

A

Oxygenated mother blood in placenta

27
Q

Why does fetal Hb have a higher O2 affinity?

A

To associate the necessary O2 from the mother blood in placenta

28
Q

What percentage of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

5%

29
Q

What percentage of CO2 takes the form of carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

10-20%

30
Q

What percentage of Co2 is stored as HCO3- in cytoplasm of RBC?

A

75-85%

31
Q

What does H2CO3 dissociate into?

A

H+ ion and HCO3- ion

32
Q

How is CO2 converted into H2CO3?

A

By the enzyme carbonic anhydrase

33
Q

How is H+ removed?

A

Buffers, especially Hb

34
Q

What happens to the H+ ion?

A
  • Binds allosterically to Hb
  • Changed Hb tertiary structure (dissociates from O2)
  • Forms haemoglobinic acid
35
Q

What happens to the hydrogen carbonate ion?

A
  • Diffuses out of the RBC to maintain a conc gradient so CO2 continually diffuses into RBC
36
Q

What is chloride shift?

A

HCO3- ions diffuse out of RBC and are replaced by CL- ions from plasma to balance loss of negative charge

Biology (19 decks)

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