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Biology > Microscopes > Flashcards

Microscopes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the wavelength of light?

A

400-700nm

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2
Q

What is the wavelength of a TEM and SEM?

A

0.005nm

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3
Q

Describe the specimen in a light microscope

A

Living / non-living on slide

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4
Q

Describe the specimen in a TEM

A

Non-living
Copper grid
Vacuum

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5
Q

Describe the specimen in a SEM

A

Non-living
Metal disc
Vacuum

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6
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a light microscope?

A

200nm

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7
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a TEM?

A

0.5nm

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8
Q

What is the maximum resolution of a SEM?

A

3-10nm

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9
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

X 1500

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10
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a TEM?

A

At least X 500,000

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11
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a SEM?

A

X 100,000

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12
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a light microscope?

A

2D colour

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13
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a TEM?

A

2D black and white

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14
Q

What is the type of image displayed from a SEM?

A

3D black and white

Colour can be added on a computer

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15
Q

Stains for a light microscope

A

Coloured dyes

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16
Q

Stains for TEM

A

Heavy metals

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17
Q

Stains for SEM

A

Carbon or gold

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18
Q

How is a laser scanning confocal microscope used?

A
  • Fluorescent dye added to cell/specimen/organelle
  • Laser beam (light) focused on part of the cell
  • Light fluoresces from objects at different depths within cell
  • A pinhole sits down in front of the detector
  • Eliminates the out of focus light (comes from different depths within cell)
19
Q

What is the function of a stage micrometer?

A

To calibrate an eyepiece graticule so that it can be used to make measurements

20
Q

How is an eyepiece graticule calibrated?

A
  • Align eyepiece graticule and stage micrometer
  • Count how many divisions on eyepiece graticule correspond to a set number of stage micrometer divisions
  • Calculate how big one eyepiece division is (find out how long every small division is on stage micrometer)
  • Calculate the length of one division of the eyepiece graticule
21
Q

Outline the procedure of preparing a slide

A
  • Stain the sample with an appropriate dye
  • Mount the sample on the slide
  • Place a cover slip carefully on the slide, avoiding air bubbles
22
Q

Why is differential staining used?

A
  • Distinguishes between 2 types of organisms that would otherwise be hard to identify
23
Q

What is an artefact?

A

A visible structural detail caused by processing the specimen and not a feature of the specimen, e.g. bubbles under cover slip

24
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains coded genetic information (DNA) and controls the metabolic activities of the cell

25
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell

26
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Produce ribosomes

27
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Modifies and packages proteins

28
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of cellular respiration, producing ATP

29
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions happen

30
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Shape and stability
  • Holds organelles in place
  • Controls cell movement
  • Controls organelle movement
31
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Responsible for protein synthesis

32
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

Responsible for synthesis and storage of lipids and carbohydrates

33
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Responsible for synthesis and transport of proteins

34
Q

What is the function of the centriole?

A

A component of the cytoskeleton involved in assembly and organisation of spindle fibres during cell division
9+2 arrangement(9 sets of microtubule triplets in pairs)

35
Q

What protein forms microtubules?

A

Tubulin

36
Q

What protein forms microfilaments?

A

Actin

37
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell wall
38
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Contain cell sap to maintain turgor pressure

39
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Contain chlorophyll to absorb light for PHS

40
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Contains cellulose to strengthen and support the cell

41
Q

Describe the structure of the chloroplasts

A
  • Double membrane
  • Stroma - fluid enclosed
  • Thylakoids - flattened sacs
  • Granum - several thylakoids stacked together
  • Lamellae - join grana together
42
Q

How are prokaryotes different to eukaryotes? (8 points)

A

Prokaryotes;

  • Unicellular
  • Nucleus not present
  • DNA circular (loop of DNA)
  • Has extra DNA called plasmids
  • Organelles are non membrane-bound
  • Ribosomes are smaller (70s)
  • Reproduce through binary fission
  • Cell wall made from murein
43
Q

Describe the production and secretion of proteins (7 points)

A

1- Nucleus contains the gene for the protein (site of transcription, DNA into mRNA)
2- Protein synthesis translation (mRNA into a.a chain) takes place on ribosomes often on RER
3- Protein transported to golgi in vesicle
4- Golgi modified the protein
5- Protein is packaged into a golgi vesicle
6- Vesicle transported to cell-surface membrane
7- Vesicle fuses to membrane and enzyme leaves cell by exocytosis

Biology (19 decks)

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