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Biology > Exchange Surfaces > Flashcards

Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is diffusion alone enough to supply the needs of single-called organisms?

A

1- Metabolic activity of a single-celled organism is usually low, so O2 demands and CO2 production are relatively low
2- SA:V ratio of organism is large

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2
Q

Give 4 features of effective gaseous exchange surfaces

A

1- Increased SA; provides area needed for exchange
2- Thin layers; diffusion distance is shorter
3- Good blood supply; ensures a steeper conc gradient for more diffusion, substances are constantly delivered and removed
4- Ventilation; maintains diffusion gradient

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3
Q

Give 3 important features of the nasal cavity

A

1- Large SA with good blood supply; warms air to body temperature
2- Hairy lining; secretes mucus to trap dust/bacteria, protecting lungs from irritation/infection
3- Moist surfaces; increase humidity of incoming air, reducing evaporation from exchange surfaces

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4
Q

What does the trachea do?

A

The main airway carrying clean, warm, moist air from the nose down into the chest

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5
Q

What are the adaptations of the trachea?

A
  • Incomplete rings of cartilage

- Lined with ciliated epithelium

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6
Q

What is the advantage of having incomplete rings of cartilage in the trachea?

A

Stop the trachea from collapsing

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7
Q

What is the advantage of the trachea being lined with ciliated epithelium?

A
  • Have goblet cells to secrete mucus to trap dust and microorganisms
  • Have cilia to beat and move mucus/dirt/microorganisms away from lungs
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8
Q

What are bronchi?

A

Where the chest cavity divides to form a left and right bronchus, similar in structure to the trachea but are smaller

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9
Q

What are the bronchioles?

A

Where the bronchi divide

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10
Q

What are the adaptations of bronchioles?

A
  • No cartilage rings
  • Walls contain smooth muscle
  • Lined with a thin layer of flattened epithelium
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11
Q

What is the advantage of bronchioles having a wall containing smooth muscle?

A
  • Allows contraction (constrict)
  • Allows relaxation (dilate)
  • Changes amount of air reaching lungs
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12
Q

What is the advantage of bronchioles being lined with flattened epithelium?

A

Makes some gaseous exchanges possible

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13
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs, which are the main gas exchange surfaces of the body

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14
Q

What are the alveoli made of?

A
  • A layer of thin, flattened epithelial cells

- Collagen and elastic fibres

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15
Q

What is the advantage of the alveoli consisting of elastic fibres?

A
  • Allow the alveoli to stretch as air is drawn in

- Allow elastic recoil; helps squeeze air out when they return to resting size

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16
Q

Give 4 main adaptations of the alveoli

A

1- Large SA
2- Thin layers
3- Good blood supply
4- Good ventilation

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17
Q

What is the advantage of the alveoli having a large SA?

A

For increased rate of diffusion

18
Q

What is the advantage of the alveoli having thin layers?

A

Single epithelial cell thick for short diffusion distance

19
Q

What is the advantage of the alveoli having a good blood supply?

A

Maintains a steep concentration gradient for more diffusion

20
Q

What is the advantage of the alveoli having good ventilation?

A

Maintains a steep diffusion gradient for O2 and CO2 between blood and air in the lungs

21
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Air moving in and out of the lungs as a result of pressure changes in the thorax brought about by breathing movements

22
Q

What is the thorax?

A

Chest cavity

23
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A broad, domed sheet of muscle, which forms the floor of the thorax

24
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Breathing in

25
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

Contracts
Flattens
Lowers

26
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspiration?

A

Contract

Ribs move upwards + outwards

27
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax during inspiration?

A

Increases

28
Q

What happens to the pressure of the thorax during inspiration?

A

Decreases so is lower than the pressure of the atmospheric air

29
Q

What is expiration?

A

Breathing out

30
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration?

A

Relaxes

Moves up

31
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during expiration?

A

Relax

Ribs move down + inwards

32
Q

What happens to the volume of the thorax during expiration?

A

Decreases

33
Q

What happens to the pressure of the thorax during inspiration?

A

Increases so is higher than the pressure of the atmospheric air

34
Q

What is a spirometer used to measure?

A
  • Different aspects of the lung volume

- Investigate breathing patterns

35
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each resting breath

36
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The volume of air that can be breathed in when the strongest possible exhalation is followed by the strongest possible inhalation

37
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The volume of air left in your lungs when you exhale as hard as possible

38
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume

39
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

The number of breaths taken per minute

40
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The total volume of air inhaled in one minute

41
Q

How do you calculate ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

Biology (19 decks)

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