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Biology summary flashcards component 1 > Transport in animals > Flashcards

Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of a transport system

A
  • suitable medium carry dissolved substances
  • pump to move materials
  • some systems (not insects) contain respiratory pigments (haeoglobin) that carries dissolved substances
  • some use system of vessels with valves to enure one way flow to all parts of the body
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2
Q

What are open circulatory systems

A
  • blood does not move round the body in blood vessels
  • cells bathed by blood or a fluid called haemolymph in a fluid filled space aorund organs called haemocel return slowly dosal - tubes shape hearts - insects
  • no need for respiration pigment as oxygen is supplied firectly to tissue via tracheal sustem in insects
  • it relatiley inefficient
  • in insects not responsible for distribution of respiratory gases
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3
Q

What are closed circulatory systems

A
  • uses vessels blood transported more quicky under high pressure to all part of the body
  • tow types - single or double circulation
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4
Q

What are single circulatory systems

A
  • blood passes through the heart once through passeage around the body
  • fish blood pumped to gills on to the body organ before returning to the heart
  • earthworm five pairs of ‘psuedoheartes’ (thickened muscular blood vessels) pump blood from dorsal vessel to ventral vessels
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5
Q

What are double circulatory systems

A
  • blood pass through the heart twice
  • mammals involve one circuit which supplies lungs where blood is oxygenated - pulmonary circulation and second circuit supply blood body with oxygenated blood (systematic circulation)
  • meets demands of mammals with high metabolic rate, higher blood pressure, faster circulation sustanined systematic ciculation and deoxygenated and oxygenated blood kep seperate and improve oxygen distribution
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6
Q

Describe arteries

A
  • thick walls resist high blood presure elastic fibres stetch to allow the arteries to accomodate blood and elastic recoil of fibres puhes blood along arteries
  • pressure rythmic rise and fall corresponding to ventricular systole
  • blood flows along arteries friction with vessel walls causes blood pressure and rate of blood flow to decrease
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7
Q

Describe arterioles

A
  • main arteries continually branch to form smaller arteries eventually arterioles
  • large total surgace area and relativley narrow lumen causing further reduction in pressure and rate of blood flow
  • smooth muscle tissure widen or narrow lumer to increase and decrease blood flow
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8
Q

Describe capillaries

A
  • millions of capillaries form dense network in tissues
  • narrow lumen toal cross sectional area is very large
  • as blood flow through both blood pressure and rate of blood flow decreases
  • due to incressase in total cross sectional area and ficional resistqance of blood flowing along the blood vessels
  • function is to supply oxygen and nutrients and absorb carbon dioxide and water
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9
Q

Describe venules

A
  • smaller veins converge forming venules and eventually veins
  • similar structure to veins as they widen resistance to blood flow descreases aloowing blood rate to flow to increase again
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10
Q

Describe veins

A
  • carry blood back to the heart
  • semi lunar valves prevent back flow of blood ensuring blood travels in one direction only
  • pressure in veins is low blood is returned to the heart due to the effects of surrounding skeletal muscle contracting and squeexing the vein which reduces the volume and increases the pressure inide the vein forces blood through valve
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11
Q

How does blood travel around the body

A

vena cava - > right atrium - right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta - > body

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12
Q

How does blood flow through heart

A
  • blood enters from heart from head and body via vena cava and into the right atrium
  • right atrium contracts (atrial systole) forcing blood through right atrio ventricular valve in right ventricle which is relaxed
  • right ventricle contracts (ventricular systole) force blood out of the heart through right semi lunar valve to lungs via pulmoary artery
  • oxygenated blood return rom the lungs to the heart via pulmonary vein and enter the left atrium when ,eft atrium is relaxed (total diastole)
  • left atrium contract forcing blood through left atrio ventricular valve into left ventricle which is relaxed
  • left ventricle contracts forcing blood outhrough left semi lunar valve into aorta them to the rest of the body
  • describes me circuit that blood take during the cardiac cycle both atria contract simultaneously followed by contraction of both ventricles
  • valve ensure blood flows in unidirectional manner prevent backflow of blood
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13
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle

A
  • left atrium contracts so volume of atrium decreaes and pressure increases
  • blood pressure in left atrium exceed that in left ventricle blood flows into left ventricle
  • ventricle contracts (ventricular systole) and pressure rises in left ventricles as volume decreases
  • ventricle contract blood pushed againt strio ventricular valves closing them preventing blood flow back into atria
  • pressure in left ventricle excees aorta left semi lunar valves open vlood flows out into aorta
  • left ventricle relaxes (diastole) so volume increases and pressure falls
  • pressure in ventricle drops below aorta blood then flow back into ventricle from aorta pushing against left semi lunar valve and closing it
  • pressur in left ventricle drop below in left atrium and left atrio ventricular opens cycle begins again
  • blood flow from high to low pressure unless a valve prevents it
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14
Q

What is a heartbeat

A
  • heart in myogenic heartbeat is initiated within cardiac muscle itself and not dependent upon external stimulation
  • however be regulated this is accomplished by sino atrial node initiate wave of excitation across both atria
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15
Q

What is atrial systole

A
  • wave of excitation spreads out from sino atrial node (SAN) across both atria
  • both atria tart contracting
  • wave cannot spread to ventricles due to layer of connective tissue
  • wave spreads via the atrio ventircular node (AVN) through bundle of his to apex of ventricle
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16
Q

What is ventricular systole

A
  • bundle of His branches into purkinje fibres carrying wave upwards through ventricle muscle causing it to contract
  • ventricles contraction is therfore delayed and contraction is from base upwards
17
Q

What is an electrocardiogram and what does it show

A
  • p wave is voltage change associated with contraction of atria
  • QRS complex is the depolarization and contraction of ventricles
  • T wave is the repolarisation of ventricle muscles
  • filling time between T and next P wave is labelled the isoelectric line
  • changes in trace used to diagnose problems with heart eg patient suffering heart attack (myocardial) infractions show depression in S T segment
18
Q

What is blood composed of

A
  • plasma - 55%
  • cells - 45%
  • majority of cells present are red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • the rest haemoglobin <5% and white blood cells and platelets
  • in human red blood cells have a bioconcave shape increase surface area fro absorption and release of oxygen do not possess a nucleus means that they can carru more haemoglobin but limits their life so are continually produced
  • two main tupes of hite blood cells granulocytes which are phagocycotic and lymphocytes that develop into cells that produce antibodies
19
Q

What is plasma

A
  • 90 % of water and contains dissolved solutes eg glucose and amino acid, hormone and plasma proteins
  • responsible for distribution of heat and transport of CO2 and HCO3- ions
  • excretory products such as urea are also transported and dissolved in plasma
20
Q

How is oxygen transported troughout body

A
  • heamoglobin bind to oxygen in lungs and releases it to respiring tissues
  • oxygen + haemoglobin <-> oxyhaemoglobin
  • association and dissociation of oxygen with haemoglobin is influenced by number of oxygen with haemoglobin is influenced by number of factors shwo by dissociation curve
  • each molecule can accomodate four molecules of oxygen 4O2 one attatched to each of four haem groups
  • as oxygen molecules bind the haemoglobin molecule changes slightlu making it easier for next one to bind
  • this is co operative binding can be seen by steep part of the curve the fourth final oxygen molecule more difficult to bind requires a large increase in partial pressure of oxygen shown by plateu of curve a sigmodial shape
21
Q

What does the sigmodial curve show for the transport of oxygen

A
  • steep part - respiring tissues -a small decrease of pO2 causing rapide release of oxygen to tissues
  • further up - lungs - haemoglobin fully saturated at low PO2
  • graph show how haemoglobins affinity for oxygen changes with partial pressure
  • at high partial pressure the affinity is high sp pxyhaemoglobin does not easily releaase it’s oxygen
  • at low partial pressure oxygen is release rapidly to repiring tissues where it’s needed because haemoglobin affinity for oxygen is low
22
Q

What happens to the sigmodial curve at low oxygen environments

A
  • such as high altitydes or muddy burrows animalss have been adapted to evolving haemoglobin with a higher affinity for oxygen than normal haemoglobin
  • animal such as llamas and lugworms have oxygen dissociation curve to left of normal haemoglobin so is more saturated at same partial pressure of oxygen than normal more able to pick up oxygen
  • foetal haemoglobin also has a higher addinity for oxygen than maternal blood so also to left
  • able to absorb oxygen from mothers blood via placenta
23
Q

What is the effect of carbon dixoide on dissociation curve

A
  • CO2 concentration in blood rise during excercies haemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right
  • this is haemoglobin for oxygen is reduced so more oxygen is released at same partial pressure of oxygen
  • supplie oxygen more quickly to respiring tissues where it is needed
  • called bohr effect
24
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the body

A
  • dissolved in plasma - 5%
  • as Hco3 - ions in plasma - 85%
  • bound to haemoglobin as carboamino - haemoglobin - 10%
  • majority is carried as HCO3-ion which is formed in a series of reactions within red blood cells
  • CO2 diffused into the red blood cells
  • carbonic anhydrase cataluses the reaction between CO2 + H2O forming carbonic acid
  • carbonic acid dissociates into HCO3 - ions and H+ ions
  • HCO3- diffuses out of red blood cell
  • CL- ions diffuse into cell to maintain electrochemical neutrality called chloride shift
  • H+ ions combine with oxyhaemoglobin to form haemoglobonic acid and releasing oxygen
  • oxygen diffuses out of cell
25
Q

How does the bohr effect effect sigmodial curve

A
  • shifts to the right - affinity for oxygen is reduced so more oxygen is released at same PO2
26
Q

What is tissue fluid

A
  • formed from plasma that is found in blood
  • containes water, salts, glucose, amino acids and dissolved oxygen and bathes the cell in the capillary bed
  • hydrostatic pressure created by blood pressure the arteriole end forces there materials out of the capillaries throguh pores in their walls plasma proteins are to large to leave
  • the water potential of blood is lower than tissue fluid tending to draw water into capillary and this decreases along capillary as water leaves but this is less than hydrostatic pressure
  • most of the water is reabsorbed by osmosis at venule end of capillary bed Here osmotic pressure (created by water potential gradient) exceeds hydrostatic pressure in capillaries so net movement of fluid into capillaries carbon dioxide is reabsorbed by diffusion
  • excess tissue fluid drains into lymphatic system and return to the venous system via thoraic duct which empties the left subclavian vein in the neck
27
Q

Haemocoel

A

the main body cavity found in most invertebrates that contains a circulatory fluid

28
Q

Systole

A

contraction

29
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation

30
Q

Bundle of His

A
  • modified cardiac muscle fibre passing from AVN to the base of ventricle through septum of the heart
31
Q

Purkinje fibres

A
  • network of fibres in walls of the ventricles
32
Q

Partial pressure

A
  • of a gas the pressure it would exert if it was only gas present
33
Q

Affinity

A

the degree to which two molecules are attracted to each other

34
Q

Bohr effect

A

the movement of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right as a result of higher partial presure of carbon dioxide. Haemoglobin shows a reduced affinity for oxygen

Biology summary flashcards component 1 (11 decks)

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