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Biology summary flashcards component 1 > Classification and biodiversity > Flashcards

Classification and biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree

A
  • biological classivication
  • reflects evolution of an organism
  • places organisms into groups according to visible external features
  • show common ancestors
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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of classification

A
  • smaller groups places into larger ones with no overlap - taxa
  • domain , kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus ,species
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3
Q

What are the three domains

A
  • archae - bacteria living in hostile environements - extremophiles - eg extreme temperatures, ph, salinity, pressure
  • eubacteria - common bacteria
  • euakryotes - plants, animal, fungi, protoctista
  • highest category at which organisms are classified
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4
Q

What are the five kingdom

A
  • based on physical characterisitics
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • prokaryotes (bacteria)
  • protoctista - many unicellular eukaryotic micro organisms, don’t form tissues - many photosynthesis eg algae
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5
Q

What are species

A
  • consist of group of similar individuals that can interbreed to form fertile offspring
  • large number of physiological and anatomical similarities
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6
Q

What is the binomial system

A
  • two names
  • first name genus capital letter and second species lower case
  • universal - able to be used all over world - in latin
  • Homo sapien - italics when printed and underlined when written
  • H.sapiens
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7
Q

What is the tentative nature of classification

A
  • infer evolutionary relationship by classifying organisms
  • easier manage large number of organims
  • new species discovered may not fit into groups currently available
  • based on our current knowledge
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8
Q

Describe plantae

A
  • multicellular eukaryotic organisms that photosynthesis
  • autotrophic
  • reproduce using spores or seed
  • spores - mossed and ferns
  • seed - flowering plants
  • possess cellulose cell walls
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9
Q

Describe animalia

A
  • multicellular -heterotrophic
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • lack cell walls
  • have nervous co ordination
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10
Q

Decribe fungi

A
  • multicellular - moulds
  • unicellular - yeasts
  • eukaryotic organisms
  • moulds - network of threads calle hyphae
  • cell wall made of chitin
  • heterotrophic by being saprotrophic or parasitic
  • reproduce by production of spores (moulds) or by budding (yeast)
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11
Q

Describe prokaryotes

A
  • microscopic , unicellular oragnisms including bacteria nad cyanobacteria
  • cell wall made of peptidocglycan (murein)
  • lack membrane bound organelles
  • lack true nucleus
  • ribosomes are smalleer than eularyotes 70s
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12
Q

Describe protoctista

A
  • inclue algae and slime moulds
  • some unicellular and reemble animal cells (amoeba0
  • ohers are colonial and have plant like cells
  • contain membrane boudn organelles and a nucleus
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13
Q

How do you assess relatedness of organisms

A
  • initially performed by looking at physical characteristics from living organisms and fossil evidence
  • immunology and recently DNA profiling led to greater understanding of how closley related organisms are
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14
Q

What are homologous structures

A
  • when comparing features taxonomists look for similar homologous strcutrues
  • basic structure is similar but they have different functions
  • divergent evolution where sructure has evolved from common ancestor to perform a different function
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15
Q

What are analogous structures

A
  • same function but different shape/strcutre
  • provides evidence of convergent evolution where ancestors adapted to same environmental pressure from different development origins
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16
Q

What is immunology

A
  • relatedness of species
  • comparison of proteins involved in creating antibodies
  • one species protein in a rabbit presented to other species proteins
  • a proeitn present in all species needs to be identified in order to find organism closest ancestor
  • human protein injected into a rabbit to produce antibodies to it
  • antibody added to other organisms and degree of prcipitation is measured
  • as similarity between protein diminishes lower degree of precipitation
  • can be done with haemoglobin
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17
Q

What is DNA fingerprinting and sequencing

A
  • species evolve changes occur in DNA base sequences more closeluuy related organisms show fewer differences in base sequences
  • in eukaryotes majority of DNA does not code for polypeptides thhese non coding regions between genes contain short DNA sequences thaa repeat
  • the number of times these repeat is unique dso form basis of genetic fingerprinting
18
Q

What is biodiversity

A
  • species richness is a measure of number of different species in a community
  • number of organisms within each species represents biodiversity in geographical region
  • field has abundance species all with healthy numbers ha a great biodiversity species but with very small numbers
  • as you move from poles to equator biodiverity increases due to light inensity increase and water availabolity
19
Q

Would rainforests of deserts have a higher biodiversity and why

A
  • deserts with have a lower biodiversity as lack of water so lack of plants
20
Q

What are factors affecting biodiversity

A
  • succession - composition of a community changes over time as different species colonise
  • natural selection
  • human activity - pollution , over fishing, deforestation by physical removal of species or destrcution of havitates, also farming
21
Q

Why are reductions of biodiversity a problem

A
  • are a concern many species are staple foods, provide raw materials and where drugs are derived
22
Q

How do you asses biodiversity

A

index of biodiversity measures the number of individuals of each speicies and number of species

23
Q

Describe polymorphic loci and biodiversity

A
  • genes position on chromosome referred ass it’s locus
  • a locus shows polymorphism if it has two or more alleles that cannot be accounted for mutation alone result in two or more different phenotypes
  • porportion of different alleles higher represends a higher biodiversity
24
Q

Why are sampling technique used

A
  • estimate number of individuals of species in a given area
  • sampling should be random to eliminate bias
25
Q

How do you sample for terrestrial animals

A
  • mark and release and recapture - linccoln index
  • animals capured and markes - not harmed of visible to predators
  • they’re then released
  • one animals reintergrate trasps are reset
  • total population can be estimated using number of individual in sample 2 and sample 1 that are marked
  • you have to assume there are no births/deaths/immigration/emmigration have occurred between collecting samples
26
Q

How do you sample freshwater invertebrates

A
  • collect and identify invertebrates by using quadrat and net in a given area
  • kick or rake the area 0.5 m squared for set period
  • collect invertebrates downstrream
  • release invertebrates carefully
  • use simpsons index
27
Q

How do you sample plants

A
  • quadrats and tranects - etimate percentage area cover of different plants with a quarat divinded into long sections
  • measure plant dioversity by counting number of plant in a qudrat
  • tras=nsact is a length of rope used to measure inervals along an environmental gradient - distance of woodland
28
Q

Explain natural selection

A
  • evolution - new species formed from pre exisiting ones over time
  • Darwin observation of variation of a population led to natural selction
  • Darwin recognised species changed
  • natural selection resultsin species beter adapted to their environment
  • organisms overproduce offspring so large varaition of genotypes within a population
  • changes in environmental conditions bring new sleection pressure through competition / predetion/disease
  • only those individuals with beneficial alleles have selective advantage eg camoflauge
  • these individuals reproduce so offspring more likely inherit beneficial allelez
  • therefore the beneficial allele frquency increases in gene pool
29
Q

What are the types of adaptation

A
  • anatomical - eg beak shape
  • physiological - eg affiniyy got oxygen of haemoglobin
  • behavioral - eg noctural animals avoid the heat of the day
30
Q

Domains

A
  • contain organissms that share a distinctive unique pattern of ribosomal RNA which estblishes their close evolutionary relationship
31
Q

Species

A
  • consists of a group of individuals with similar characteristics that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
32
Q

Autotrophic nutrition

A
  • is making comlex organic molecules from simple inorganic ones using either light or chemical energy
33
Q

Heterotrophic nutrition

A
  • invollves consumption of already made complex organic molecules
34
Q

Saprophytic nutrition

A
  • involves feeding on dead or decaying matter by the production of enzymes extracellularly and the subsequent absorption of the products
35
Q

Parasitic nutrition

A
  • ivolves obtaining nutrients from a host organisms over a long period of time causing it harm in the process
36
Q

Homologous

A
  • structures in different species with similar anatomical position and developmental origin derived from a common ancestor
37
Q

Analogous structures

A
  • have a corresponding function and similar shape but have a different developmental origin
38
Q

Biodiversity

A
  • the number of species and the number of individuals of each species in a specifies geographic region
39
Q

Gene

A
  • is a section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a particular polypeptide
40
Q

Allele

A
  • different form of the same gene
41
Q

Phenotype

A

what an organism looks like its characteristics

42
Q

Gene pool

A

total number of allles within a population

Biology summary flashcards component 1 (11 decks)

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