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Biology summary flashcards component 1 > Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

Convert 1m into mm

A

1000 mm

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2
Q

Convert 1mm into micrometres

A

1000

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3
Q

Convert 1 micrometre into nanometres

A

1000

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4
Q

What organelles does an animal cell contain

A
  • vesicle
  • golgi body ]rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • 80s ribosomes
  • plasma/cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • nuclear envelope
  • nuclear pore
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin
  • lysosome
  • mitochondria
  • centrioles
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5
Q

What is the size of an animal cell

A

30 micrometres

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6
Q

Describe difference between light and electron microscopes

A
  • under a light microscope only a few structures are visible within cytoplasm
  • electron microscope more structures called organelles visible in eukaryotic cells
  • electron miscrocopes have a shorter wave length, greater magnification , and a higher resolution
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7
Q

What are organelles

A
  • specific roles within cells and surrounded by a membrane
  • membranes provie a large surface area for transport of molecules and attatchment of enzymes
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8
Q

What do plant cells contain

A
  • vesicle
  • tonoplast
  • cell wall
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplast
  • nuclear pore
  • nucleolus
  • nuclear envelope
  • smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • plasmodesma
  • 80s ribosomes
  • golgi body
  • cell membrane
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9
Q

What is the size of plants cells

A
  • 30 micrometres
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10
Q

Describe the features and functions of the nucleus

A
  • largest organelle present in cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
  • contains DNA coding for protein synthesis
  • nucleoplasm contains chromatin which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
  • double membrane thr outer membrane of which is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
  • membrane has pores allow mRNA to leave nucleu
  • nucleoulus found within nucleus and responsible for the production of rRNA and ribsomes
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11
Q

Describe the structure and function of mitochondria

A
  • cylindrical typically 1-10 micrometres
  • site of aerobic respiration producing ATP
  • inner membrane folded into cristae providing large surface area for the attatchment of enzymes
  • fluid filled matric contains lipidas and proteins, 70s ribosomes and sall circular DNA
  • present in all cells
  • more in metabolically active cells eg mucle and liver
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12
Q

What do mitochondria contain

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner membrane space
  • inner membrane
  • cristae
  • matric
  • circular DNA
  • ribosomes 70s
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13
Q

Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts

A
  • found in photosynthetic plants
  • site of photosynthesis
  • surrounded by double membrane contains fluid filled stroma with starch grains
  • 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
  • thylakoids is a flattened membrane
  • stacks of thylarkoids conain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll
  • inner membrane not folded
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14
Q

What do chloroplasts contain

A
  • double membrane
  • 70s ribosomes
  • thylakoid
  • granum
  • starch grain
  • DNA
  • thylakoid membrane
  • intergranal lamellae/ thylakoid
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15
Q

What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • double membrane form interconnected flattened fluid filled sacks called cristernae connected to the nuclear envelope
  • main roles concerned transport of materials through cells
  • rough ER has ribosomes attatched to the outer surace and once proteins sythnthesised at ribosomes are transported via criternae
  • Smooth ErR lack ribosomes incolced with synthesis and transport of lipids
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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • made from rRNA and protein
  • found within cytoplasm
  • surrounded by a membrane
  • role is assembly of proteins during trnaslaton
  • two ubunits large subunit two tRNA attatchent sites and small subunit is mRNA attatchment site
  • eukaryotic cells -80s
  • prokaryotic cells smaller - 70s
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17
Q

Describe the structure and function of the golgi body

A
  • more compact in shape stack of curves cristernae
  • cesicle contain polypeptides bud off RER and fuse with golgi body
  • proteins are modifies and packages into vesicles by golgi body for export
  • golgi incolves in transport and storage of lipids
  • production of glycoprotiens and lysosomes
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18
Q

Describe the function and structure of lysosomes

A
  • small single membrane bound vacuoles pinched off from golgi body containing digestive enzyme lysozyme
  • digest worn out organelles within cell and foreign materials been engulfed by phagocytosis eg bacterial engulged bu white blood cell
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19
Q

Describe structure and function of centrioles

A
  • present in animals cells and protocitsta
  • two rings of microtubules at right angles to each other
  • organise microtubules make spindle during cell division
20
Q

Describe the structure and function of vacuoles

A
  • plants cells large central vacoule surrounded by tonoplast
  • support soft plant tissue and store chemicals eg glucose and amino acids in cell sap
21
Q

Describe the structure and function of cell wall

A
  • largely from cellulose - plant
  • peptidoglycan (murein) - bacteria
  • chitin - fungi
  • probiding trength resist expansion of vacuole due to osmosis thus creating turgor support for non woody plants
  • transport of water and dissolved molecules and ions through gaps in the cellulose fibres - apoplast pathway
  • communication between cells via pores in cell walll allow strands of cytoplam called plasmodesmata to pass
  • allows water to pass via symplast pathway
22
Q

What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells

A
  • plant cells
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts resent
  • large permanent single ceentral vauole
  • plasmodesmata
  • starch grains used for energy store
  • animal cells
  • no cell wall
  • no chloroplasts
  • small temporary vacuoles
  • centrioles
  • no plasmodesmata
  • glycogen granules - energy store
23
Q

What are prokaryotic cellss

A
  • no true nucleus possess DNA loose within cytoplasm no membrane bound organelles
  • infolding of membrane called mesosomes where respiration though to occur
  • cell wall made of peptidoglycan and ribosomes are slightly smaller than eukaryotes - 70s
  • some bacteria contain plasmids (snall rings of DNA) antibiotic resistance genes
24
Q

What do prokaryotes contain

A
  • slime coat
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • loop of DA
  • 70s ribossomes
  • plasmids
  • cytoplassm
  • mesosome
25
Q

What are viruses

A
  • no cytoplasm ,organelles or any chromosomes
  • core of nuclei acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by the protein coat alled the caspid
  • inert virion inapable of reporucing or synthesis protein wihout the use of the hosts cytoplasm
  • burst out of cell and reinfect healthy cells that damage occurs
  • HIV and TMV are examples
26
Q

How do you calculate image size

A

magnification x actual size

27
Q

What are the levels of organisation

A
  • single cells organism carry out all life porcesses within one cell whereas multicellular need to posess specialised cells to form tissues and organs
  • stem cells are undifferentiated cells in embryo differentiate to form any tissue
  • in mammalss there are four types of tissue
  • nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial
28
Q

Describe connecive tissue

A
  • supports, connects or seperates different tupes of tissues and organs of the body
  • cells are contained within extracellular fluid or matrix may be surrounded by elastic or collageous fibres eg tendons and blood
29
Q

Describe skeletal tissue

A
  • bands of long cells or fibres giving powerful contraction used for locomotaion in mammals
30
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • individually spindle shaped cells which contract rythically are not powerful so found in walls of blood vessels digestive and respiratory tracts
31
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • stripes but lack long fibres
  • contract rythmically with some force and do not tire easily
32
Q

Describe epithelial tissue

A
  • cover and lines body
  • eg lining intestines, trachea covers out body as part of our skin
  • all epithelial cells sits on a basement membrane but cells do vary in shape and complexity
33
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
34
Q

What are the three types of epithelial tissue

A
  • cubodial
  • columnar
  • squamous
35
Q

Describe cubodial epithelial

A
  • simplest form is simple cubodial cells are cube shape tissue is one cell thick
  • tissue commonlu found in lining kidney tubules and ducts of glands
36
Q

Describe columnar epithelial cell

A
  • cells are more recangular may have cilia
  • lining of trachea
37
Q

Describe squamoud epithelial

A
  • flattened cells
  • found in alvoli and lining of arteries
38
Q

Describe organs and organ systems

A
  • cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems
  • groups of orgns working together with a particular role are organ systems
  • eg digestive system (stomach, ileum, colon)
  • and circulatory system ( heart, arteries, capillaries and veins)
39
Q

Organelle

A

a specialised structure found within eukaryotic cells hat carries out a specific function for the cell

40
Q

Eukaryotic

A

cells contain DNA in chromosomes in a nucleus and possess membrane bound organelles eg plants and animals

41
Q

Resolving power

A

the minimum distance by which two points must be seperated in order for them to be seen as two distinct points rather than a ssingle focused image

42
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • a single celled organim lacking membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus with DNA free in the cytoplasm
43
Q

Magnification

A
  • how many times bigger the image is compared to the object x
44
Q

Tissue

A

a group of cells working together with common structure and function

45
Q

Organ

A

a group of tissues in a structural unit working together and performing a specific function

Biology summary flashcards component 1 (11 decks)

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