Cell structure Flashcards
1
Q
Convert 1m into mm
A
1000 mm
2
Q
Convert 1mm into micrometres
A
1000
3
Q
Convert 1 micrometre into nanometres
A
1000
4
Q
What organelles does an animal cell contain
A
- vesicle
- golgi body ]rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- 80s ribosomes
- plasma/cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- nuclear envelope
- nuclear pore
- nucleolus
- chromatin
- lysosome
- mitochondria
- centrioles
5
Q
What is the size of an animal cell
A
30 micrometres
6
Q
Describe difference between light and electron microscopes
A
- under a light microscope only a few structures are visible within cytoplasm
- electron microscope more structures called organelles visible in eukaryotic cells
- electron miscrocopes have a shorter wave length, greater magnification , and a higher resolution
7
Q
What are organelles
A
- specific roles within cells and surrounded by a membrane
- membranes provie a large surface area for transport of molecules and attatchment of enzymes
8
Q
What do plant cells contain
A
- vesicle
- tonoplast
- cell wall
- mitochondria
- chloroplast
- nuclear pore
- nucleolus
- nuclear envelope
- smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
- plasmodesma
- 80s ribosomes
- golgi body
- cell membrane
9
Q
What is the size of plants cells
A
- 30 micrometres
10
Q
Describe the features and functions of the nucleus
A
- largest organelle present in cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
- contains DNA coding for protein synthesis
- nucleoplasm contains chromatin which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
- double membrane thr outer membrane of which is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum
- membrane has pores allow mRNA to leave nucleu
- nucleoulus found within nucleus and responsible for the production of rRNA and ribsomes
11
Q
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria
A
- cylindrical typically 1-10 micrometres
- site of aerobic respiration producing ATP
- inner membrane folded into cristae providing large surface area for the attatchment of enzymes
- fluid filled matric contains lipidas and proteins, 70s ribosomes and sall circular DNA
- present in all cells
- more in metabolically active cells eg mucle and liver
12
Q
What do mitochondria contain
A
- outer membrane
- inner membrane space
- inner membrane
- cristae
- matric
- circular DNA
- ribosomes 70s
13
Q
Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts
A
- found in photosynthetic plants
- site of photosynthesis
- surrounded by double membrane contains fluid filled stroma with starch grains
- 70s ribosomes and circular DNA
- thylakoids is a flattened membrane
- stacks of thylarkoids conain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll
- inner membrane not folded
14
Q
What do chloroplasts contain
A
- double membrane
- 70s ribosomes
- thylakoid
- granum
- starch grain
- DNA
- thylakoid membrane
- intergranal lamellae/ thylakoid
15
Q
What is the structure and function of the endoplasmic reticulum
A
- double membrane form interconnected flattened fluid filled sacks called cristernae connected to the nuclear envelope
- main roles concerned transport of materials through cells
- rough ER has ribosomes attatched to the outer surace and once proteins sythnthesised at ribosomes are transported via criternae
- Smooth ErR lack ribosomes incolced with synthesis and transport of lipids
16
Q
Describe the structure and function of ribosomes
A
- made from rRNA and protein
- found within cytoplasm
- surrounded by a membrane
- role is assembly of proteins during trnaslaton
- two ubunits large subunit two tRNA attatchent sites and small subunit is mRNA attatchment site
- eukaryotic cells -80s
- prokaryotic cells smaller - 70s
17
Q
Describe the structure and function of the golgi body
A
- more compact in shape stack of curves cristernae
- cesicle contain polypeptides bud off RER and fuse with golgi body
- proteins are modifies and packages into vesicles by golgi body for export
- golgi incolves in transport and storage of lipids
- production of glycoprotiens and lysosomes
18
Q
Describe the function and structure of lysosomes
A
- small single membrane bound vacuoles pinched off from golgi body containing digestive enzyme lysozyme
- digest worn out organelles within cell and foreign materials been engulfed by phagocytosis eg bacterial engulged bu white blood cell
19
Q
Describe structure and function of centrioles
A
- present in animals cells and protocitsta
- two rings of microtubules at right angles to each other
- organise microtubules make spindle during cell division
20
Q
Describe the structure and function of vacuoles
A
- plants cells large central vacoule surrounded by tonoplast
- support soft plant tissue and store chemicals eg glucose and amino acids in cell sap
21
Q
Describe the structure and function of cell wall
A
- largely from cellulose - plant
- peptidoglycan (murein) - bacteria
- chitin - fungi
- probiding trength resist expansion of vacuole due to osmosis thus creating turgor support for non woody plants
- transport of water and dissolved molecules and ions through gaps in the cellulose fibres - apoplast pathway
- communication between cells via pores in cell walll allow strands of cytoplam called plasmodesmata to pass
- allows water to pass via symplast pathway
22
Q
What are the differences between animal cells and plant cells
A
- plant cells
- cell wall
- chloroplasts resent
- large permanent single ceentral vauole
- plasmodesmata
- starch grains used for energy store
- animal cells
- no cell wall
- no chloroplasts
- small temporary vacuoles
- centrioles
- no plasmodesmata
- glycogen granules - energy store
23
Q
What are prokaryotic cellss
A
- no true nucleus possess DNA loose within cytoplasm no membrane bound organelles
- infolding of membrane called mesosomes where respiration though to occur
- cell wall made of peptidoglycan and ribosomes are slightly smaller than eukaryotes - 70s
- some bacteria contain plasmids (snall rings of DNA) antibiotic resistance genes
24
Q
What do prokaryotes contain
A
- slime coat
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- loop of DA
- 70s ribossomes
- plasmids
- cytoplassm
- mesosome
25
What are viruses
* no cytoplasm ,organelles or any chromosomes
* core of nuclei acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by the protein coat alled the caspid
* inert virion inapable of reporucing or synthesis protein wihout the use of the hosts cytoplasm
* burst out of cell and reinfect healthy cells that damage occurs
* HIV and TMV are examples
26
How do you calculate image size
magnification x actual size
27
What are the levels of organisation
* single cells organism carry out all life porcesses within one cell whereas multicellular need to posess specialised cells to form tissues and organs
* stem cells are undifferentiated cells in embryo differentiate to form any tissue
* in mammalss there are four types of tissue
* nervous, connective, muscle and epithelial
28
Describe connecive tissue
* supports, connects or seperates different tupes of tissues and organs of the body
* cells are contained within extracellular fluid or matrix may be surrounded by elastic or collageous fibres eg tendons and blood
29
Describe skeletal tissue
* bands of long cells or fibres giving powerful contraction used for locomotaion in mammals
30
Describe smooth muscle
* individually spindle shaped cells which contract rythically are not powerful so found in walls of blood vessels digestive and respiratory tracts
31
Describe cardiac muscle
* stripes but lack long fibres
* contract rythmically with some force and do not tire easily
32
Describe epithelial tissue
* cover and lines body
* eg lining intestines, trachea covers out body as part of our skin
* all epithelial cells sits on a basement membrane but cells do vary in shape and complexity
33
What are the three types of muscle tissue
* skeletal
* smooth
* cardiac
34
What are the three types of epithelial tissue
* cubodial
* columnar
* squamous
35
Describe cubodial epithelial
* simplest form is simple cubodial cells are cube shape tissue is one cell thick
* tissue commonlu found in lining kidney tubules and ducts of glands
36
Describe columnar epithelial cell
* cells are more recangular may have cilia
* lining of trachea
37
Describe squamoud epithelial
* flattened cells
* found in alvoli and lining of arteries
38
Describe organs and organ systems
* cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems
* groups of orgns working together with a particular role are organ systems
* eg digestive system (stomach, ileum, colon)
* and circulatory system ( heart, arteries, capillaries and veins)
39
Organelle
a specialised structure found within eukaryotic cells hat carries out a specific function for the cell
40
Eukaryotic
cells contain DNA in chromosomes in a nucleus and possess membrane bound organelles eg plants and animals
41
Resolving power
the minimum distance by which two points must be seperated in order for them to be seen as two distinct points rather than a ssingle focused image
42
Prokaryotes
* a single celled organim lacking membrane bound organelles such as a nucleus with DNA free in the cytoplasm
43
Magnification
* how many times bigger the image is compared to the object x
44
Tissue
a group of cells working together with common structure and function
45
Organ
a group of tissues in a structural unit working together and performing a specific function
