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Transport in animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system acts as the main transport system in animals.

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2
Q

What does the circulatory system consist of ?

A

The circulatory system consists of veins, arteries and capillaries.

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3
Q

What does the circulatory system do ?

A

The circulatory system transports nutrients and waste substances through blood

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4
Q

What type of circulatory system do fishes have and why?

A

Fishes have a single circulatory system because they are cold-blooded so they don’t require a greater need for oxygen unlike mammals.

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5
Q

Explain what is the single circulatory system.

A

A single circulatory system means that the heart must consist of only 2 chambers and that blood passes through the heart only once in its circuit. Oxygen is absorbed through the gills when water passes it.

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6
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have?

A

Mammals have a double circulatory system

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7
Q

Explain the double circulatory system and why it is important for mammals?

A

The double circulatory system means that
1. the blood passes through the heart twice each circuit around the body.
2. This means that the heart of the mammalian must have 4 chambers to keep oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood separate.
3. Mammals require a double circulatory system because they are larger and require a larger need for oxygen to use in respiration for warmth.

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8
Q

In steps explain how the deoxygenated blood enters and exits the heart to become oxygenated

A
  1. Dexoygenated blood enters
    the heart through the vena
    cava (vein) and into the right
    atrium
  2. The right atrium contracts and
    the blood moves through a
    one way valve ( tricuspid valve)
    to the right ventricle.
  3. The ventricle contracts and
    the blood exits the heart
    through a one way valve to
    (semilunar valve) to the lungs
    via the pulmonary valve.
  4. Blood becomes oxygenated in
    the lungs and returns to the
    heart via the pulmonary vein,
    entering the left atrium.
  5. The left ventricle contracts
    and the blood moves through
    a one way valve (bicuspid
    valve) into the left ventricle.
  6. The left ventricle contracts
    and the blood exits the heart
    past the semilunar valve,
    through the aorta ( artery )
    and travels around the body,
    becoming dexoygenated again.
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9
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle much thicker than the walls of the right ventricle of the heart?

A

The walls of the left ventricle is much thicker than the walls of the right ventricle, as it must be able to pump blood at high pressures around the body rather than just to the lungs.

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10
Q

Why do the right and left ventricles of the heart need to be separated and what is it called?

A

The left and right ventricle are separated by a septum to keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.

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11
Q

Why are valves present in the heart and veins but no arteries?

A

Valves are present in the heart and veins to prevent backflow of blood, Valves are present in arteries because the pressure is high enough that backflow of blood doesn’t occur.

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12
Q

What is the term giving to the tricuspid and bicuspid valve and why is the name given?

A

Bicuspid and tricuspid valves are known as the atrioventricular valves as they prevent backflow of blood between ventricles and atria.

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13
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels to the heart in____________

A

VEINS !!

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14
Q

Oxygenated blood travels away from the heart in___________

A

ARTERIES !!

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15
Q

Which is the only artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery.

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16
Q

Which is the only vein which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

A

The pulmonary veins.

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17
Q

What machine is used to monitor heart rate and how does it monitor your heart rate?

A

the heart can be monitored by and electrocardiogram (ECG) which records the electrical signals to the heart that cause the contractions of the atria’s and ventricles, it can also be monitored by listening to your pulse or valve activity.

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18
Q

How does physical activity affect heart rate?

A

Physical activity is a short-term factor that can affect heart rate changes. When physical activity is carried out, muscles respire to produce energy for movement. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, thus the rate of heart speeds up so that blood is pumped around the body quickly, allowing more oxygen is to delivered to the respiring tissues.

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19
Q

What are some long term influences of heart rate

A

Diet and fitness

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20
Q

What type of diets can raise heart rate?

A

Diets with are high in salt and caffeine can raise heart rates.

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21
Q

what are the two ways result in a lower resting heart rate.

A

Exercising regularly and eating healthy.

22
Q

How is the coronary heart disease caused?

A

Coronary heart disease is caused by the build-up of cholesterol in the coronary artery which narrows the artery thus limiting blood flow to the heart.

23
Q

How can you reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

A

Coronary heart disease is caused by the build up of cholesterol in the coronary artery, cholesterol is a result of too much saturated fats in the diet, thus eating a healthy diet can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease by lowering blood pressure.

24
Q

What are some other factors that can build up cholesterol in the arteries?

A

Other risk factors include stress, smoking, drinking alcohol, genetic predisposition, age and or gender.

25
Q

How does drug treatment aspirin reduce the risk of a heart disease?

A

Aspirin thins the blood and makes the platelets less likely to clump together to block the artery. It also helps reduce high blood pressure.

26
Q

What are some heart disease surgery treatments?

A

Stent, angioplasty and coronary bypass.

27
Q

How does the surgery “Stent” work to treat heart diseases?

A

Stent is a small tube that can be inserted into the artery to keep it open allowing blood to flow.

28
Q

How does the surgery “Angioplasty” work to treat heart diseases?

A

Angioplasty also helps widen the artery by inserting a deflated balloon into the artery before inflating it causing the arteries to widen. the balloon is then removed but the arteries stay widen. A stent can also be added at the same time to remain after the balloon is removed.

29
Q

How does the surgery “Coronary Bypass” work to treat heart diseases?

A

This is a more invasive method, where the artery from the patients arm or leg is grafted onto the damaged artery to divert the blood flow around the damaged section.

30
Q

How are arteries adapted to carry blood at such high pressures?

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood at high pressures to the tissues. They have a thick elastic later and wall to maintain high pressures without bursting. They also have thick muscle layer to control the volume of the blood by dilating and constricting the artery.

31
Q

Arteries branch into __________ which enter the tissues and become ________

A

arterioles, capillaries.

32
Q

How are veins adapted in our body?

A

Veins have a thin elastic layer of muscle as the blood travels at low pressures back to the heart so there is no need for controlling blood flow. They are also adapted to prevent backflow by containing valves.

33
Q

________ are small veins which are formed by a group of capillaries vessels. They eventually become veins

A

Venules !

34
Q

What are capillaries and how are they adapted for efficient exchange?

A

Capillaries are thin blood vessels which are used to exchange substances with tissues, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and other nutrients. Therefore, they must be adapted for efficient exchange.

  1. They have a large surface area
    and are branched.
  2. They also have a narrow
    diameter and lumen to
    decrease diffusion distance.
  3. a slow rate of blood flow to
    allow time for exchange.
35
Q

What vessels connect arteries to veins?

A

Shunt vessels connect arteries to veins.

36
Q

What are some functions of the shunt vessels?

A

Shunt vessels connect arteries to veins without limiting blood flow through capillaries. They can dilate and constrict like arteries to control blood flow and dilate in cold conditions to limit blood flow to extremities to reduce heat loss.

37
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

Lymph vessels and lymph nodes.

38
Q

How do capillaries produce tissue fluid and what is the function of the tissue fluid.?

A

Capillaries exchange substances with cells by producing tissue fluid. This forms at the arteriole end of the capillary when nutrients are forced out of the capillary due to the high pressure in the narrower blood vessels. Tissue fluid bathes the cells and allow nutrients to diffuse into cells and waste substances to diffuse out and into the tissue fluid. Most of the tissue fluid is reabsorbed back in the capillary at the venous end.

39
Q

Some larger molecules, for example lipids and large proteins cannot re-enter the capillary, how will they be carried away?

A

By the lymph system.

40
Q

What is the purpose of the lymph vessels?

A

These molecules enter the lymph vessels and travel as a fluid called lymph. Lymph passes through the lymph vessels and drains it into the blood system in the chest cavity?

41
Q

Where are the lymph nodes present and what function do they play in our body?

A

Lymph nodes are present along the lymph, predominately located in the neck, armpits and groin. Their function is to filter out the lymph fluid, removing bacteria and foreign particles from it. They therefore protect the body from infections.

42
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

43
Q

What role does the red blood cell play in our body?

A

The red blood cell contains hemoglobin which is protein and binds to oxygen, allowing it to be transported around the body to cells.

44
Q

What kind of a biological molecule is hemoglobin ?

A

Hemoglobin is a protein.

45
Q

What role does the white blood cell play in our body?

A

The white blood cell plays a major role in fighting off infections.

46
Q

How does the white blood cells protect the body?

A

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell which produces antibodies. Antigens are proteins found on the cell membrane of the pathogens. Each antibody is specific to one type of antigen and they bind to these antigens, causing the foreign cells to clump together. This makes them harmless as they can no longer enter the cells and cause damage. White blood cells also carry out phagocytosis.

47
Q

How does the process of phagocytosis carry out?

A
  1. Phagocyte recognizes and attaches to foreign pathogens.
  2. The membrane of a phagocyte envelops the pathogen and folds in inwards, trapping it into the phagocyte.
  3. The phagocyte releases enzymes which break down the pathogen, killing it
48
Q

What purpose do platelets serve in our body?

A

Platelets are involved in blood clotting.

49
Q

What is the plasma?

A

Plasma is the liquid in our blood vessels which contains blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide.

50
Q

Why and how does blood clotting occur?

A

Blood clotting occurs when a blood vessel breaks due to an injury. Platelets sticks to the broken vessel wall and clump together blocking the cut. Fibrinogen is then connected to a protein called fibrins, which forms a protein called fibrin, which forms a mesh of fibrin fibres across the wound.

More platelets stick to this mesh. This forms a scab and prevents bleeding by blocking the cut.

Blood clotting also prevents blood loss and allows the vessel to heal as well as preventing pathogens from entering the blood vessel

Biology (12 decks)

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