Transport in Animals

Question 1

What is Atrial Systole? (S1 of the cardiac cycle)

Answer 1

• The atria contract forcing the atrio-ventricular
  valves to open - blood then flows into the venticles.

Question 2

What is Ventricular Systole? (S2 of the cardiac cycle)

Answer 2

The ventricles contract causing the atrio-ventricular valves to close and semi-lunar valves to open, allowing blood to leave
the left ventricle through the aorta and right ventricle through the
pulmonary artery.

Question 3

Q
What is Cardiac Diastole? (S3 of the cardiac cycle)

Answer 3

The atria and ventricles relax. Elastic recoil of
the heart lowers the
pressure inside the heart
chambers. Blood is drawn from the arteries and veins, causing semilunar
valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries to close, preventing backflow of blood.

Question 4

What is the sinoatrial node?

Answer 4

The PACEMAKER of the heart. It is located in the right atrium and initiates a wave of electrical stimulation which causes the atria to contract at roughly the same time.

Question 5

What is haemoglobin?

Answer 5

Haemoglobin is water soluble. It is a globular protein which consists of two alpha and two
beta polypeptide chains each containing a haem group.

Question 6

What is the function of haemoglobin?

Answer 6

Each molecule can carry 4 O2 molecules in the blood, binding to the haem group.

Question 7

What is the function of the veins?

Answer 7

Transport blood to the heart. (usually at low pressure)
REMEMBER: veIN

Question 8

What is the function of the venules?

Answer 8

these narrower blood vessels transport blood from the capillaries to the veins

Question 9

What is the function of the arteries?

Answer 9

Transport blood away from the heart (usually at high pressure) to tissues.
REMEMBER: OUTeries

Question 10

What is the function of the arterioles?

Answer 10

arteries branch into narrower blood vessels called arterioles which transport blood into capillaries

Question 11

How do we calculate cardiac output?

Answer 11

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 12

What does ‘tidal volume’ mean?

Answer 12

The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in one breath during regular breathing.

Question 13

What does ‘tidal volume’ mean?

Answer 13

The volume of air inhaled/exhaled in one breath during regular breathing.

Question 14

What does ‘vital capacity’ mean?

Answer 14

The maximum volume of air inhaled/exhaled in one breath.

Question 15

How can tidal volume be demonstrated using the bell jar apparatus?

Answer 15

Up/down movements of the rubber sheet using regular movements.

Question 16

How can vital capacity be demonstrated using the bell jar apparatus?

Answer 16

Pulling the rubber sheet down as far as possible and then pushing the rubber sheet up as far as possible.

Question 17

Why do the balloons expand when the rubber sheet is pulled down when using the bell jar apparatus?

Answer 17

-The volume inside of the jar increases.
-Pressure inside the balloons decreases to below pressure in the atmosphere.
-Therefore, air is pushed into the glass tube/balloons.

Question 18

How does the alveoli create a surface area for efficient gaseous exchange?

Answer 18

• Wall is 1 cell thick to create a shorter diffusion pathway.
• Alveoli are elastic so recoil helps ventilation.
• Maintains a concentration gradient.
• Large number of alveoli provides a large SA.
• Small size of alveoli provide larger SA:V ratio.

Question 19

What are the 2 types of epithelial tissue found in the lungs and airways?

Answer 19

• Ciliated epithelial tissue
• Squamous epithelial tissue

Question 20

What piece of equipment can be used to record air movement?

Answer 20

Spirometer