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Biology > Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

Polymers that are made up of many repeating units (monomers) called nucleotides.

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2
Q

What 3 components make up a nucleotide?

A
  • A PENTOSE SUGAR
  • A NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC BASE
  • A PHOSPHATE GROUP
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3
Q

What are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

A
  • A DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR with hydrogen at the 2’ position
  • A phosphate group
  • One of four nitrogenous bases - ACGT
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4
Q

What are the components of an RNA nucleotide?

A
  • A RIBOSE SUGAR with a hydroxyl (OH) group at the 2’ position
  • A phosphate group
  • One of four nitrogenous bases - ACGU
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5
Q

What does the presence of the hydroxyl group in RNA do?

A

It makes RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis.

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6
Q

What is the difference between a purine and a pyrimidine?

A

Purines have a double ring structure whereas pyrimidines have a single ring structure.

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7
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine.

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8
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine.

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9
Q

What type of nucleotide is ATP?

A

A phosphorylated nucleotide.

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10
Q

What does ATP do?

A
  • USED TO TRANSFER ENERGY
  • It is the energy-carrying molecule that provides the energy to drive many processes inside living cells.
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11
Q

What do animals specifically require energy for? (ATP)

A
  • Muscle contraction
  • Conduction of nerve impulses.
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12
Q

What do ALL organisms require energy for? (ATP)

A
  • ANABOLIC reactions
  • Moving substances
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13
Q

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription and translation

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14
Q

What is the 1st stage of protein synthesis?

A

Transcription

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15
Q

What happens during transcription?

A

A molecule of mRNA is made in the nucleus.

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16
Q

What happens during translation?

A

Amino acids join together to form a polypeptide chain.

17
Q

What happens during the first stage of transcription?

A

The hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases break and the DNA uncoils, thus separating the two strands.

18
Q

What happens during the second stage of transcription?

A

One of the DNA strands is used as a template by RNA polymerase to make the mRNA molecule. (The DNA template is called the antisense strand)

Biology (15 decks)

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