Transport in Animal Cells

Question 1

Large multicellular organisms have a small surface area to volume ratio. What does this mean?

Answer 1

this means that large organisms need a transport system to carry substances to and from cells around the body.

Question 2

Why do multicellular organisms need a transport system?

Answer 2

Multicellular organisms need a special transport system to transport nutrients to the body’s cells and remove metabolic waste from the body’s cells.

Question 3

Substances transported in animals can be classified into 3 categories, name them and the substances categorized in each.

Answer 3

Substances taken into the body ( oxygen, glucose, ameno acids) Substances removed from the body ( carbon dioxide, water, urea) Substances transported around the body ( hormones).

Question 4

What is the use of each substance which is taken into the body?

Answer 4

oxygen and glucose - are needed for respiration
ameno acids - are needed for the growth and repair of cells and tissues.

Question 5

What is the use of each substance that is removed from the body?

Answer 5

carbon dioxide and water - are by waste products
urea - is formed in the liver during the breakdown of ameno acids.

Question 6

What is the use of the substances which move from one location to another in the body?

Answer 6

hormones - are chemical messengers transported from one location in the body to another which target a specific group of cells in order to cause that group of cells to conduct an activity or not

Question 7

What are cells?

Answer 7

Cells are the basic units of all living things

Question 8

What are unicellular organisms? Give examples

Answer 8

Unicellular organisms are organisms that have only one cell.
e.g. amoeba, bacteria, protozoa, archaea

Question 9

What are microscopic organisms

Answer 9

Microscopic organisms are organisms that are mostly invisible to the naked eye.

Question 10

What are multicellular organisms? give examples

Answer 10

Multicellular organisms are organisms which are made of many cells.
e.g. humans, plants, and animals

Question 11

What are organelles?

Answer 11

Organelles are the structures that make up a cell.

Question 12

What are the 4 major structures that make up a cell? define them.

Answer 12

Cell Membrane - a thin skin that forms the boundary around the cell which allows useful substances to get in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm - the jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell. It is where all of the other organelles are found.

Mitochondria - the powerhouse of the cell. It provides all the energy needed by the cell.

Nucleus - the brain of the cell. It controls everything the cell does and how it develops.

Question 13

What are the organelles that are found ONLY IN PLANT CELLS? Define them.

Answer 13

Cell Wall - the rigid structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane

Chloroplasts - a disc shaped structure found in plants cells which contains chlorophyll used to trap sunlight for photosynthesis

Vacuole - a large cavity found in the center of a plant cell which contains cell sap.

Question 14

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 14

~ plant cells have a cell wall, animal cells don’t
~ plant cells have chloroplasts, animal cells don’t
~ plant cells have a large permanent vacuole, animal cells have small temporary vacuoles
~ plant cells have an irregular shape, animal cells have an irregular shape

Question 15

What is the circulatory system?

Answer 15

The circulatory system is the system made up of the heart and blood vessels which push blood around the body.

Question 16

What transports blood around the body?

Answer 16

blood vessels

Question 17

What is used to transport oxygen?

Answer 17

red blood cells

Question 18

The circulatory system is made up of 3 parts, what are they?

Answer 18

the blood, blood components, blood vessels

Question 19

Name the 3 blood vessels

Answer 19

arteries, veins, capillaries

Question 20

Name all the blood components

Answer 20

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

Question 21

What is the name of the muscle in which the walls of the heart are made of

Answer 21

cardiac muscle

Question 22

How many sides and chambers does the heart have?

Answer 22

2 sides and 4 chambers

Question 23

What is the name of the 2 chambers on either side of the heart? What do they do?

Answer 23

the atrium which receives blood and the ventricle which pumps blood away from the heart

Question 24

Which side of the heart has oxygenated blood and which has deoxygenated blood?

Answer 24

The right side of the heart has deoxygenated blood and the left has oxygenated blood

Question 25

Define the septum as a part of the heart.

Answer 25

The septum is the muscular wall in the middle of the heart’s structure that seperates the deoxygenated blood from the oxygenated blood.

Question 26

Name the 4 chambers in the heart.

Answer 26

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Question 27

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

Answer 27

tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve, pulmonic valve and aortic valve

Question 28

In what order does blood flow in the heart?

Answer 28

vena cava : right atrium : tricuspid valve : right ventricle : pulmonic valve : pulmonary artery : lungs : pulmonary veins : left atrium : bicuspid valve : left ventricle : aortic valve : aorta : to the rest of the body

Question 29

Explain the blood flow in the heart.

Answer 29

deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava. Then it goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, the walls of the ventricle then contract and push the blood to the pulmonary artery then it travels to the lungs where gases are exchanged. Excess carbon dioxide leaves the blood while oxygen enters. Oxygenated blood comes from the lungs via the pulmonary veins then it goes into the left atrium. Then it travels through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle. The walls of the ventricle contract and blood is pushed to the aorta then all around the body.

Question 30

What is the function of valves?

Answer 30

Valves keep the blood flowing in one direction (forward) to prevent the back-flow of blood.

Question 31

What is the job of tendons attached to the walls of the heart?

Answer 31

The tendons’ function is to stabilize the valves.

Question 32

what are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 32

the bicuspid valve and the tricuspid valve

Question 33

What are the semi-lunar valves?

Answer 33

the pulmonic valve and aortic valve

Question 34

There are three kinds of blood vessels, name and describe them

Answer 34

Arteries which carry blood away from the heart have a smooth interior layer which helps blood flow easily and a strong muscular middle layer that helps pump blood through the body.

Veins which carry blood back to the heart have thin, less elastic walls that help them handle high volumes and low pressure.

Capillaries connect the arteries to the veins. This is where the actual exchange of gases takes place.

Question 35

Define blood.

Answer 35

Blood is the fluid that is transported around the circulatory system. It is the means by which substances travel to and from cells.

Question 36

What makes up the blood?

Answer 36

The blood is made up of 55% plasma, 45% blood cells , and platelets

Question 37

What is the Plasma?

Answer 37

The plasma is the liquid component of the blood that contains water, sugar, salts, fats, and proteins that transport blood cells throughout your body.

Question 38

What are red blood cells?

Answer 38

The red blood cells contain a protein, hemoglobin, that helps carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and then carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs so it can be exhaled.

Question 39

What is the most common type of white blood cell?

Answer 39

neutrophil

Question 40

What is the main job of white blood cells?

Answer 40

The main job of the white blood cells is to fight infection.

Question 41

What is the job of the two major white blood cells?

Answer 41

The neutrophil is the immediate reaction which kills and digest bacteria/fungi and the lymphocyte helps regulate the function of immune cells and directly attacks any infected cells and tumors.

Question 42

What is blood coagulation?

Answer 42

Blood coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel. This prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured.

Question 43

What are platelets?`

Answer 43

Platelets are small fragments of cells that gather at the site of an injury. They stick to the lining of the blood vessel then form a platform on which blood coagulation can occur.

Question 44

What are blood vessels?

Answer 44

Blood vessels are channels that carry blood throughout your body. They have a closed loop like a circuit that begins and ends at your heart.

Question 45

What is the name given to the largest artery?

Answer 45

Aorta

Question 46

What happens when the capillaries reach the body cells?

Answer 46

the blood gives up food and oxygen and picks up waste such as carbon dioxide and urea

Question 47

What is the name given to the main vein?

Answer 47

The vena cava

Question 48

What are the two main types of blood cells?

Answer 48

Red and White blood cells.

Question 49

Describe the circulation of blood relating to the pumping of blood throughout the body. (Diastole & systole)

Answer 49

During the diastole phase the heart muscles are relaxed and deoxygenated blood flows through the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve, then blood fills the right ventricle. When it enters the systole phase the heart contracts and blood is pushed to the lungs. Blood goes to the heart from the lungs, to the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve, to the left ventricle then to the body.