Transport and FA catabolism

Question 1

Excess carbohydrates is converted into:

Default

Answer 1

FAs

Question 2

Excess carbohydrates is converted into:

Regulated by liver

Answer 2

Cholesterol

Question 3

FAs and cholesterol are packaged into _____ by ______ and ______

Answer 3

VLDL by TAG synthase and ACAT

Question 4

The characteristic apoprotein of VLDL

Answer 4

Apo-B100

Question 5

this enzyme projects into the lumen of capillaries in many tissues- mostly adipose, tissue, muscle and some breast tissue

Answer 5

LPL enzyme

Question 6

After release, the ______ of VLDL stimulates liporotein lipase to hydrolyze FAs for storage in _____

Answer 6

the ApoCII hydrolyzes FAs for storage in adipose

Question 7

When TAGs?Cholesterol Esters, ApoCII falls off generating intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)

Answer 7

TAGS = CE

Question 8

the liver expresses ________ to remove remaining TAGs from IDL to make LDL

Answer 8

Hepatic Triglycerol Lipase

Question 9

major transporter of cholesterol to tissues

Answer 9

LDL

Question 10

cells needing cholesterol pick it up from

Answer 10

LDL

Question 11

all cells need cholesterol to modulate

Answer 11

membrane fluidity

Question 12

What happens if LDL circulates too long?

Answer 12

it gets oxidized and stimulates monocyte recruitment into the blood vessel wall

Question 13

monocytes differentiate into

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

macrophages has what type of receptors? and what to they take up?

Answer 14

scavenger that take up ox-LDL

Question 15

what happens if macrophages take up too much ox-LDL?

Answer 15

become foam cells and die

Question 16

the combination of dead foam cells’fatty streak’, smooth muscle cell growth and matrix degradation forms an

Answer 16

atherosclerotic plaque

Question 17

released with phospholipids and ApoA-I/ApoA-II

Answer 17

HDL

Question 18

stimulates the action of lecithin cholesterol Acyl transerase ‘LCAT’

Answer 18

ApoA-I

Question 19

ApoA-I removes a ____ from a membrane phospholipid to form ___ out of the excess cholesterol that has been moved to the cell surface

Answer 19

ApoA-I removes a fatty acid from a membrane phospholipid to form CEs out of the excess cholesterol that has been moved to the cell surface

Question 20

can the lysolecithin produced can be repaired?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

HDL full of CEs can be bound by _____ receptors on the ____ and degraded

Answer 21

HDL full of CEs can be bound by SR-BI receptors on the liver and degraded

Question 22

____ LDL and ____ HDL are risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 22

High LDL and Low HDL

Question 23

lipoproteins can be characterized by their

Answer 23

density

Question 24

Rare disease:

hyperlipoproteinemias

Answer 24

too much of a lipoprotein

Question 25

Rare disease:

hypolipoproteinemias

Answer 25

too little lipoprotein

Question 26

LDL-R defects increase

Answer 26

LDL

Question 27

released from adipose cells when glucagon activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Answer 27

FAs

Question 28

cAMP-dependent PK phosphorylates and activates

Answer 28

Hormone Sensitive Lipase in adipose cells

Question 29

FAs are carried by

Answer 29

serum albumin

Question 30

FAs activated inside cells that want to use them for energy by

Answer 30

acyl-CoA synthetase

Question 31

CPT I is inhibited by

Answer 31

malonyl CoA

Question 32

the first production fatty acid synthesis

Answer 32

malonyl- CoA

Question 33

remakes acyl- CoA in the matrix

Answer 33

CPT II

Question 34

Long chain FAs are transferred to carnitine by ______ and transferred into the _________ by Carnitine Acylcarnitine translocase

Answer 34

Long chain FAs are transferred to carnitine by CAT I and transferred into the mitochondrial matrix by Carnitine Acylcarnitine translocase

Question 35

FA oxidation proceeds via a ______ specific for the length of the FA

Answer 35

dehydrogenase

Question 36

2-3 Enoyl CoA hydratase, 3-OH- acyl-CoA DH and 3-keto Acyl-CoA thiolase will catalyze shortening of the fatty acid by ______ carbons and produce _____, _____ and ______

Answer 36

catalyze shortening of the fatty acid by 2 carbons and produce acetyl-CoA , FADH2 and NADH

Question 37

the energy yield is higher per gram than that of glucose

Answer 37

FA oxidation

Question 38

How is cis 2-3 trans double bond situation resolved?

Answer 38

by two enzymes

Question 39

oxidation of the alpha carbon is used to deal with the ____ on phytanic acids originally derived from plants and leading to ______

Answer 39

methyl branch and leading to propionyl CoA