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Biology > Transport > Flashcards

Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why can unicellular organisms rely on diffusion for the movement of substances in and out of their cells?

A

-because they have a high SA : V ratio and therefore can obtain all the substances they need as the volume of the organism determines the number of substances that need to be taken in

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2
Q

Why do lungs have a large surface area?

A

-to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into your blood, and carbon dioxide into the air

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3
Q

What is the small intestine adapted for?

A
  • for exchanging nutrients between digested food in the small intestine and the blood
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4
Q

What are the 4 specialised exchange surfaces?

A
  • small intestine
  • lungs
  • root
  • leaves
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5
Q

What is the role of the xylem?

A
  • transports water and minerals from the soil after being absorbed by the root hair cell
  • Water molecules in the xylem stick together, drawing water up the stem
  • Once it reaches the leaves, the majority of water evaporates and the water vapour diffuses out through open stomata
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6
Q

Why do plants need water?

A
  • for photosynthesis
  • for support
  • to transport materials
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7
Q

How are xylem cells adapted to take up water?

A
  • they are made up of a series of connected dead xylem cells.
  • The end walls of the dead cells are broken to allow water to move through.
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8
Q

What is translocation?

A
  • the process by which food produced in photosynthesis is transported from the leaves to the growing regions of plants and storage organs via the phloem
  • a bidirectional movement (up and down phloem)
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9
Q

How is the phloem adapted to transport sucrose and amino acids?

A

-made up of columns of elongated cells that have holes in the end walls.
These holes allow cell sap (contains sucrose and amino acids) to pass between the cells.

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10
Q

What strengthens the cell walls of xylem cells?

A

-lignin

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11
Q

How does plasma transport CO2?

A
  • Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by cells in respiration.
  • It is dissolved in the plasma, and transported to the lungs where it is breathed out
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12
Q

How does plasma transport heat energy?

A
  • Because plasma is a liquid, it can easily carry heat energy around the body.
  • When we are too hot or too cold, our blood flow changes to increase or decrease the amount of heat energy we lose from our bodies
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13
Q

How does plasma transport hormones?

A

-Hormones such as insulin and sex hormones are transported around the body dissolved in the plasma

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14
Q

How does plasma transport urea?

A

-Urea is dissolved in the blood plasma, and then passes out of the body in urine

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15
Q

What is urea?

A

-a substance made in the liver from excess protein

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16
Q

How does plasma transport digested food?

A
  • absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

- They are transported, dissolved in the plasma, to the parts of the body where they are needed

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17
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

-erythrocytes

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18
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A

-small size so they can pass through the capillaries
-biconcave shape creates a large surface area and allows for the rapid diffusion of oxygen
-no nucleus which allows more room for haemoglobin which maximises the amount of oxygen they can carry
-

19
Q

How does the antibody lock on to the antigen?

A

-has a complementary shape and causes the antigens to cluster so the phagocytes can ingest them

20
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

-veins, arteries, capillaries

21
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

-transport blood away from the heart to the organs. They all carry oxygenated (contains oxygen) blood (apart from the pulmonary artery). Their structure is adapted to perform their function in the body

22
Q

What are the adaptations of arteries?

A
  • he walls have elastic fibres, allowing them to stretch and spring back
  • Artery walls have thick layers of muscle. This makes them strong and able to cope with the high pressure at which blood is pumped out by the heart
23
Q

What is the function of a vein?

A
  • form when capillaries join up after passing through the body.
  • They transport deoxygenated (contains no oxygen) blood (apart from the pulmonary vein) from the organs back to the heart
24
Q

What are the adaptations of veins?

A
  • thinner walls than the artery as the blood is lower pressure
  • wider cross section than arteries- Low pressure hinders blood flow. This means that veins have a wider cross section through which blood can flow to counteract this
  • have valves to prevent the backflow of blood
25
Q

What are capillaries?

A

-Arteries branch into much smaller vessels, called capillaries. Capillaries have thin walls and pass very close to the body cells

26
Q

What are the functions of a capillary?

A
  • waste products, such as carbon dioxide, move out of the cells and into the blood
  • exchange of materials between blood and tissue cells
27
Q

What are the steps of the heart pumping?

A
  • Blood enters the heart via the atria.
  • Once filled with blood, the atria contract, forcing blood down into the ventricles below
  • When the ventricles contract, they force blood to exit the heart
28
Q

Why might someone be fitted with an artificial pacemaker?

A
  • A group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker to control the heart’s beating.
  • Irregular heart rates can be corrected using electrical devices, known as artificial pacemakers
29
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A
  • The left ventricle wall is much thicker than the right because it has to force blood out of the heart at a higher pressure, because the blood has to travel further (around the whole body).
  • The right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs
30
Q

Why does the heart pump faster during exercise?

A

-Muscle cells use up more energy (released in respiration) during exercise, so they need to respire at a faster rate.
The heart pumps faster to circulate oxygenated blood to muscle tissues

31
Q

How does the heart rate change under the influence of adrenaline?

A

-adrenaline is a hormone that triggers the so-called ‘fight or flight’ response, preparing the body to move and think quickly in response to danger.
-Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure.
This means that there is an increase in blood flow around the body, specifically to the muscle cells

32
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

-when the coronary arteries become more narrow because of a build-up of fatty deposits. This reduces blood flow and leads to a lack of oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle

33
Q

Which factors increase the risk of coronary heart disease?

A

-overweight, smoking, a diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise

34
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A

-blood vessels, blood and the heart

35
Q

Describe the double circulatory system.

A
  • Deoxygenated blood from the body enters into the right atrium of the heart
  • This deoxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and towards the lungs by the right ventricle
  • At the lungs, the deoxygenated blood exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen. This is how it becomes oxygenated
  • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart
  • This oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart and to the body by the left ventricle
  • The oxygenated blood gives its oxygen to body cells in exchange for carbon dioxide.
  • The blood becomes deoxygenated and returns to the heart
36
Q

What is the role of the vena cava?

A

-the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body through it

37
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary vein?

A

-The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through it

38
Q

What is the role of the aorta?

A

-The heart pumps out oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

39
Q

What is the role of the pulmonary artery?

A

-The heart pumps out deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery

40
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

-they supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

41
Q

What is the hepatic artery?

A
  • Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver

- Takes deoxygenated blood away from the liver, back to the heart

42
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

-Filtered blood leaves the kidneys through the renal vein

43
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein?

A

-Brings nutrient-rich blood from the gut to the liver

44
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

-Blood arrives at the kidneys to be filtered through the renal artery

Biology (12 decks)

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