Transport

Question 1

What is the function of the transport system?

Answer 1

To deliver nutrients and oxygen and carry away cellular waste.

Question 2

What does xylem and phloem transport?

Answer 2

• xylem transports water and minerals whereas phloem transports sugar and other organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed for growth and metabolism.

Question 3

Since mosses and algae lack the vascular system, how do they obtain water and food?

Answer 3

They live in wet or moist places where water and food directly diffuses directly into their cells.

Question 4

Define Root pressure.

Answer 4

Is the force of water moving into the roots by osmosis, since concentration of minerals is higher in the roots then in the soil, this pressure helps push water up the xylem.

Question 4

Define Root pressure.

Answer 4

Is the force of water moving into the roots by osmosis, since concentration of minerals is higher in the roots then in the soil, this pressure helps push water up the xylem.

Question 5

2 reasons why plants need adequate amount of water?

Answer 5

To use in photosynthesis.
To remain turgid.

Question 6

How do plants living underwater get access to CO2?

Answer 6

They gather carbon dioxide from the water. They release oxygen which can be seen as tiny air bubbles around it.

Question 7

Define Lenticels and state its function.

Answer 7

Lenticels are raised lose cork tissues which are responsible for gas exchange/ aerobic respiration in woody plants.

Question 8

How do pneumatophores carry out gas exchange?

Answer 8

They have erect roots with specialized structures that allow for respiration. They carry gas exchange through lenticels.

Question 9

Why cannot dissolved minerals pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 9

Because they are charged.

Question 10

Root cells depend on active transport to bring minerals into xylem. How do these root cells get the ATP from?

Answer 10

They require this ATP from respiration. Roots get glucose through the phloem that is required to make this ATP.

Question 11

State the function of phloem cells?

Answer 11

To carry food from the leaves to the rest of the plant.

Question 12

What is the significance of sap?

Answer 12

Since starch molecules are too large to pass through the cell membrane, it is hydrolysed to sucrose and other organic food molecules called sap.

Question 13

What is the transport of sap called?

Answer 13

Translocation.

Question 14

Define ‘translocation’.

Answer 14

Is the movement of sap from the roots to the stems and leaves.

Question 15

Why is sap in the phloem always under high pressure?

Answer 15

The pressure helps push sap through the phloem.

Question 16

Describe sieve cells.

Answer 16

Sieve cells are continuous tubes throughout the plant. They have sieve plates, which are tiny holes/pores on both the end walls of the cell so that sap can easily pass through.

Question 17

Give 2 functions of companion cells.

Answer 17

• They provide the sieve cells with ATP for active transport.
• They direct the sieve cells to carry food to roots and stems for storage and cells that need energy.

Question 18

Why don’t small and sessile organisms need a transport system?

Answer 18

Because they are inactive and can get the materials needed by diffusion alone.

Question 19

Explain how transport in cnidarians occur.

Answer 19

They rely on direct diffusion to supply their cells with nutrients from their gut obtained from the surrounding water.

Question 20

How is a cnidarians transport system efficient for it?

Answer 20

Diffusion is a slow process and thus they do not use up nutrients and gases or produce wastes very quickly like larger animals.

Question 21

How does transport take place in Arthropods/molluscs?

Answer 21

They have open circulation, meaning the blood is not enclosed in blood vessels but instead flows in an open body cavity, bathing body cells directly.

Question 22

How does transport occur in a grasshopper?

Answer 22

A long heart pumps blood into an open body cavity called the haemocoel. The blood in the haemocoel bathes the cells directly, they are not enclosed in vessels.

Question 22

How does transport occur in a grasshopper?

Answer 22

A long heart pumps blood through the haemocoel

Question 23

Larger animals tend to have closed circulatory systems. What is meant by ‘closed circulatory system’?

Answer 23

Means that blood are enclosed in vessels and do not bath the cells directly.

Question 24

2 reasons why larger animals require closed circulatory system.

Answer 24

• The artery contraction manages the amount of blood flowing to each part of the body according to its activity level.
  -A large animal filled with blood would have a difficult time walking with so much liquid sloshing around its body. If it tripped and fell, it would burst open.
• An open body cavity is too slow to supply enough oxygen the cells of larger animals.

Question 25

Describe an insects blood and what it consist of?

Answer 25

It is greenish-yellow in colour since there is no haemoglobin present and it contains nutrients and body wastes in it. Doesn’t consist oxygen.

Question 26

What type of transport system do fish have and describe the pathway the blood takes.

Answer 26

They have closed single loop circulation. The heart pumps the blood in a single loop, from the ventricle to the gills, to the body cells and then back to the heart.

Question 27

Why doesn’t a fish’s heart pump blood as hard as a land animal?

Answer 27

Because water reduces the force of gravity. They can make it through the gills and the body without returning to the heart for a second push.

Question 28

What type of transport system do annelids have?

Answer 28

They have closed circulation. Exchange of materials between the cells and blood and vice versa happen through diffusion.

Question 29

Describe the pathway blood takes in an annelid for transport.

Answer 29

The blood is pumped along the ventricle vessels to the 5 hearts. This branches out into capillaries for exchange in materials. The blood returns to the heart by the dorsal blood vessel.

Question 30

Explain the characteristics of auricle and ventricle.

Answer 30

Auricles are thin walled and blood in it travels under low pressure. Ventricles have thick walls and blood in it travels at high pressure. Returning blood is low pressure and supplying blood is of high pressure.

Question 31

What type of transport system do amphibians and reptiles have?

Answer 31

They have closed partial double loop circulation.

Question 32

How many chambered heart do reptiles and amphibians have?

Answer 32

3, 2 auricles and one ventricle.

Question 33

Why is called partial double loop circulation?

Answer 33

Because the two loops overlap. A single ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 34

How is partial double loop circulation efficient for amphibians and reptiles.

Answer 34

They are cold blooded thus require less energy and are also less active.
Reptiles have a partial wall in their ventricle to avoid mixing of blood.

Question 35

What type of transport system do mammals and birds have?

Answer 35

Closed double loop circulation, which is the most efficient transport system.

Question 36

Describe a closed double loop circulation.

Answer 36

Have 4 chambers, 2 auricles and 2 ventricles. They have 2 circulation loops, one from the heart to the body, and the other one from the heart to the lungs.

Question 37

State some adaptive values of double loop circulation.

Answer 37

• Blood do not mix.
• more developed cerebrum consumes large amount of oxygen and nutrients.
• warm blooded
• very active/ large

Question 38

Why do mammals and birds need efficient transport system?

Answer 38

• Because they are large, more active and warm blooded.

Question 39

Differentiate between warm blooded animals and cold blooded animals

Answer 39

Warm blooded animals have constant body temperature regardless of the environmental temperature whereas cold blooded animals body temperature varies according to the environmental temperatures.

Question 40

Why do warm blooded animals consume more energy than cold blooded animals.

Answer 40

They need to maintain warm body temperature in spite of constant heat loss.